=head1 NAME Jifty::Manual::Actions - 讓 Jifty 做事 =head1 DESCRIPTION C 抽象敘述了於編譯時期 (complie time) 宣告參數的想法 (L<"parameters"|Jifty::Manual::Glossary/parameter>). 在執行時期 (runtime)，動作 (Action) 會收集使用者輸入資料做為參數 (L<"arguments"|Jifty::Manual::Glossary/argument>), 並處理一些事情，最後回傳結果給使用者。 如果這些聽起來實在太一般，那是因為 -- 動作 (Action) 其實幾乎可以做 Jifty 裡的每一件事情。 C 同時也會為你從參數產生 HTML -- 不需要自己手動寫 C<< >> 標籤 或是手動處理由 GET 或 POST 傳回的參數，並且 Jifty 會自動幫你把不同的表單分派到相對應 的動作 (Action)。 C 為你完成了所有該做的事情。 =head1 如何寫 Action Jifty 已經提供了一些預設的行為 (Action) 給你 -- 可參見 L 以及在 L 會有動態產生的行為 (Action) 另外還有像是 L, 不過任何有用的程式都會需要定義他們自己需要的行為 (Action). 這就是講解你該如何寫你屬於你的行為 (Action). 每一個行為，都是 L 的子類別，典型的像是 I::Action. 行為通常都會被存放在 I::Action:: 的名稱空間中; while that's just a convention, it will make your life easier if you follow it. This, the simplest possible action, is: use warnings; use strict; package MyApp::Action::DoNothing; use base qw/MyApp::Action Jifty::Action/; 1; (Instead of copying-and-pasting that, or typing it in, though, you could just run: jifty action --name DoNothing in your application's directory, and Jifty would create a skeleton for you. ) However, if you want to actually do something with your actions, you need to define two things: their L, and a L method. =head2 parameters Every C subclass should define a C, which contains some C declarations that describe what arguments it takes. Supposing we were writing an action to post a blog article, we might start out with parameters like thus: use Jifty::Param::Schema; use Jifty::Action schema { param 'title'; param 'category'; param 'body'; }; However, we've only scratched the surface of the power the C API offers. Parameters can have types, labels, validators, canonicalizers, and even more. To start with, let's add some types and labels: use Jifty::Param::Schema; use Jifty::Action schema { param title => label is 'Title', max_length is 50, is mandatory; param category => label is 'Category', max_length is 30; param body => label is 'Entry', render as 'Textarea'; }; Now, we can ask the action to render form fields, and it will know how to display them. But, we can do even better. Let's improve the look of that C field, by making it a combobox (a combination dropdown/text field), with some default values available: # ... param category => label is 'Category', render as 'Combobox', available are qw( Personal Work Block ); # ... But a static list is lame. What we really want is a C model, and to keep track of all the categories users have entered: # ... param categories => label is 'Category', render as 'Select', available are defer { my $categories = MyBlog::Model::CategoryCollection->new; $categories->unlimit; [{ display_from => 'name', value_from => 'name', collection => $categories, }]; } ... Now, Jifty will populate the combobox with the result of calling C on each element in C<$categories>. Alternatively, if you set C<< value_from => 'id' >>, Jifty would automatically return the C of the category, for easy database reference. We don't do this with the combobox, however, since a combobox displays the selected value in its text field. See L and L for more fields you can set in the C declaration, and see L for more about the syntax. =head2 validation C can automatically validate arguments for you, as appropriate. If an argument has C, then C will automatically verify if the given value matches one of them. However, you can also write your own validators. Just write a C<< sub validate_ >>, and it will be called as appropriate: use Regexp::Common 'profanity_us'; sub validate_body { my $self = shift; my $body = shift; if ( $body =~ /$RE{profanity}/i) { return $self->validation_error( body => 'Would you speak like that in front of your mother? *cough*' ); } return $self->validation_ok('body'); } You can also do validation in the model -- see L =head2 canonicalization If, instead of failing, you want to automatically modify invalid content to be valid, you want a L, not a validator. use Regexp::Common 'profanity_us'; sub canonicalize_body { my $self = shift; my $body = shift; $body =~ s/$RE{profanity}/**expletives**/gi; return $body; } A L can also change other parts of the action. This lets you update the display dynamically in an L-enabled browser based on what the user has entered. For example, we can let a user use magic syntax to provide tags for their blog post by surrounding the tags with square brackets. You can also let the user know you're doing something magical by using C which will display a message to the user. use Jifty::Param::Schema; use Jifty::Action schema { param title => label is 'Title', hints is "You can provide tags like this [tag1 tag2]", ajax canonicalizes; param tags => label is 'Tags'; }; sub canonicalize_title { my $self = shift; my $value = shift; if ($value =~ s/\[(.*?)\]//) { # this clobbers, may want to merge $self->argument_value( tags => $1 ); $self->canonicalization_note( title => 'Removed tags from your title' ); } return $value; } If you set C or C for an argument, then Jifty will automatically validate or canonicalize it in an L-enabled browser when the user stops typing and puts the focus out of the corresponding form field. =head2 take_action Once an action has arguments, it needs to do something with them. An action does so in its C sub, which will be called when an action is submitted, and only if its arguments L. Inside C, subclasses can access their arguments via C<< $self->argument_value('foo') >>. If you need to check whether you've been passed an argument or not (as opposed to being passed a true argument or not), use C<< $self->has_argument('foo') >>. Once an action has done its task, it needs to inform the caller whether or not it has succeeded, possibly with some status message. To this end, every C has a C associated with. C carries both a failure/sucess code, and a textual message describing the result of running the action. Thus, if your action failed for some reason, you would, in C, write code like: $self->result->error('Could not write blog post'); return; If, however, the action completed successfully, you might write: $self->result->message('Posted to your blog'); Actions will default to successful with an empty message if you don't do anything with the result object. Additionally, if you need to return more semantic information than a simple message, you can set arbitrary content on the result, using $self->result->content, e.g: $self->result->content( id => $new_post->id); This information can be then used elsewhere to, for example, automatically redirect you to a view page for that new blog post. The view page template may have the following piece of code in it: <%args> $id => undef <%init> my $result = Jifty->web->response->result('post_blog'); $id = $result->content('id') if $result and !defined $id; # load the record by $id and other stuff go here... where C<'post_blog'> is the moniker for your post page action object. In fact, that's exactly how actions "return" values to other components in your application. Mutiple action "return values" are possible and arbitrary data structures can be passed too: $self->result->content( keys => $keys ); $self->result->content( result => $collection); It should also be mentioned that the response object is "per request". That is, it usually can't live up to another user request. Therefore, when paging mechanism is applied to your view page, for example, you have to either pass some data to the link constructor or explicitly tell Jifty to preserve states for you. See L, the Jifty Pony site's source, and L for some more information. =head1 USING ACTIONS At their simplest, you can create and run actions yourself, e.g.: Jifty->web->new_action( class => 'PostBlogEntry', arguments => { title => 'A boring blog entry', category => 'Jifty', body => 'This blog entry is lame.' } )->run; Note that C<< Jifty->web->new_action >>, and all similar methods (e.g. L, L), will automatically qualify the C with either C or C::Action::> as necessary (I've told you putting actions in I would make your life easier!) In practice, you'll rarely provide actions with arguments yourself. Instead, you'll create an action with no or partial arguments, often in the L, or a Mason component's C<< <%init%> >> block (See L for details about passing arguments to actions on creation). my $create = Jifty->web->new_action( class => 'PostBlogEntry', moniker => 'post_blog' ); Having created the action, you will, in one of your Mason components, output a form where the user can fill in the action's arguments: <% Jifty->web->form->start %>
<% $create->form_field('title') %> <% $create->form_field('category') %>
<% $create->form_field('body') %> <% Jifty->web->form->submit(label => "Post") %> %# or <% Jifty->web->link(label => "Post", submit => $create) %> %# or <% $action->button(label => "Post"); %> <% Jifty->web->form->end %> C will render the field, along with the C