package Net::Proxy;
use strict;
use warnings;
use Carp;
use Scalar::Util qw( refaddr reftype );
use IO::Select;

our $VERSION = '0.07';

# interal socket information table
my %SOCK_INFO;
my %LISTENER;
my %CLOSING;
my $READERS;
my $WRITERS;
my %PROXY;
my %STATS;

# Net::Proxy attributes
my %CONNECTOR = (
    in  => {},
    out => {},
);
my $VERBOSITY = 0; # be silent by default
my $BUFFSIZE  = 16384;

#
# some logging-related methods
#
sub set_verbosity { $VERBOSITY = $_[1]; }
sub notice { return if $VERBOSITY < 1; print STDERR "$_[1]\n"; }
sub info   { return if $VERBOSITY < 2; print STDERR "$_[1]\n"; }
sub debug  { return if $VERBOSITY < 3; print STDERR "$_[1]\n"; }

#
# constructor
#
sub new {
    my ( $class, $args ) = @_;
    my $self = bless \do { my $anon }, $class;

    croak "Argument to new() must be a HASHREF" if ref $args ne 'HASH';

    for my $conn (qw( in out )) {

        # check arguments
        croak "'$conn' connector required" if !exists $args->{$conn};

        croak "'$conn' connector must be a HASHREF"
            if ref $args->{$conn} ne 'HASH';

        croak "'type' key required for '$conn' connector"
            if !exists $args->{$conn}{type};

        croak "'hook' key is not a CODE reference for '$conn' connector"
            if $args->{$conn}{hook}
            && reftype( $args->{$conn}{hook} ) ne 'CODE';
 
        # load the class
        my $class = 'Net::Proxy::Connector::' . $args->{$conn}{type};
        eval "require $class";
        croak "Couldn't load $class for '$conn' connector: $@" if $@;

        # create and store the Connector object
        $args->{$conn}{_proxy_} = $self;
        $CONNECTOR{$conn}{ refaddr $self} = $class->new( $args->{$conn} );
        $CONNECTOR{$conn}{ refaddr $self}->set_proxy($self);
    }

    return $self;
}

sub register { $PROXY{ refaddr $_[0] } = $_[0]; }
sub unregister { delete $PROXY{ refaddr $_[0] }; }

#
# The Net::Proxy attributes
#
sub in_connector  { return $CONNECTOR{in}{ refaddr $_[0] }; }
sub out_connector { return $CONNECTOR{out}{ refaddr $_[0] }; }

#
# create the socket setter/getter methods
# these are actually Net::Proxy clas methods
#
BEGIN {
    my $n = 0;
    my $buffer_id;
    for my $attr (qw( peer connector state nick buffer callback )) {
        no strict 'refs';
        my $i = $n;
        *{"get_$attr"} = sub { $SOCK_INFO{ refaddr $_[1] }[$i]; };
        *{"set_$attr"} = sub { $SOCK_INFO{ refaddr $_[1] }[$i] = $_[2]; };
        $buffer_id = $n if $attr eq 'buffer';
        $n++;
    }
    # special shortcut
    sub add_to_buffer { $SOCK_INFO{ refaddr $_[1] }[$buffer_id] .= $_[2]; }
}

#
# create statistical methods
#
for my $info (qw( opened closed )) {
    no strict 'refs';
    *{"stat_inc_$info"} = sub {
        $STATS{ refaddr $_[0]}{$info}++;
        $STATS{total}{$info}++;
    };
    *{"stat_$info"}       = sub { $STATS{ refaddr $_[0]}{$info} || 0; };
    *{"stat_total_$info"} = sub { $STATS{total}{$info} || 0; };
}

#
# socket-related methods
#
sub add_listeners {
    my ( $class, @socks ) = @_;
    for my $sock (@socks) {
        Net::Proxy->notice( 'Add ' . Net::Proxy->get_nick($sock) );
        $LISTENER{ refaddr $sock} = $sock;
    }
    return;
}

sub close_sockets {
    my ( $class, @socks ) = @_;

  SOCKET:
    for my $sock (@socks) {
        if( my $data = Net::Proxy->get_buffer( $sock ) ) {
            ## Net::Proxy->debug( length($data) . ' bytes left to write on ' . Net::Proxy->get_nick( $sock ) );
            $CLOSING{ refaddr $sock} = $sock;
            next SOCKET;
        }

        Net::Proxy->notice( 'Closing ' . Net::Proxy->get_nick( $sock ) );

        # clean up connector
        if ( my $conn = Net::Proxy->get_connector($sock) ) {
            $conn->close($sock) if $conn->can('close');

            # count connections to the proxy "in connectors" only
            my $proxy = $conn->get_proxy();
            if ( refaddr $conn == refaddr $proxy->in_connector()
                && !_is_listener($sock) )
            {
                $proxy->stat_inc_closed();
            }
        }

        # clean up internal structures
        delete $SOCK_INFO{ refaddr $sock};
        delete $LISTENER{ refaddr $sock};
        delete $CLOSING{ refaddr $sock};

        # clean up sockets
        $READERS->remove($sock);
        $WRITERS->remove($sock);
        $sock->close();
    }

    return;
}

#
# select() stuff
#
sub watch_reader_sockets {
    my ( $class, @socks ) = @_;
    $READERS->add(@socks);
    return;
}

sub watch_writer_sockets {
    my ( $class, @socks ) = @_;
    $WRITERS->add(@socks);
    return;
}

sub remove_writer_sockets {
    my ( $class, @socks ) = @_;
    $WRITERS->remove(@socks);
    return;
}

#
# destructor
#
sub DESTROY {
    my ($self) = @_;
    delete $CONNECTOR{in}{ refaddr $self};
    delete $CONNECTOR{out}{ refaddr $self};
}

#
# the mainloop itself
#
sub mainloop {
    my ( $class, $max_connections ) = @_;
    $max_connections ||= 0;

    # initialise the loop
    $READERS = IO::Select->new();
    $WRITERS = IO::Select->new();

    # initialise all proxies
    for my $proxy ( values %PROXY ) {
        my $in    = $proxy->in_connector();
        my @socks = $in->listen();
        Net::Proxy->add_listeners(@socks);
        Net::Proxy->watch_reader_sockets(@socks);
        Net::Proxy->set_connector( $_, $in ) for @socks;
    }

    my $continue = 1;
    for my $signal (qw( INT HUP )) {
        $SIG{$signal} = sub {
            Net::Proxy->notice("Caught $signal signal");
            $continue = 0;
        };
    }

    # loop indefinitely
    while ( $continue and my @ready = IO::Select->select( $READERS, $WRITERS ) ) {

        ## Net::Proxy->debug( 0+@{$ready[0]} . " sockets ready for reading" );
        ## Net::Proxy->debug( join "\n  ", "Readers:", map { Net::Proxy->get_nick($_) } $READERS->handles() );
        ## Net::Proxy->debug( 0+@{$ready[1]} . " sockets ready for writing" );
        ## Net::Proxy->debug( join "\n  ", "Writers:", map { Net::Proxy->get_nick($_) } $WRITERS->handles() );

        # first read
    READER:
        for my $sock (@{$ready[0]}) {
            if ( _is_listener($sock) ) {

                # accept the new connection and connect to the destination
                Net::Proxy->get_connector($sock)->new_connection_on($sock);
            }
            else {

                # have we read too much?
                my $peer = Net::Proxy->get_peer($sock);
                next READER
                    if !$peer
                    || length( Net::Proxy->get_buffer($peer) ) >= $BUFFSIZE;

                # read the data
                if ( my $conn = Net::Proxy->get_connector($sock) ) {
                    my $data = $conn->read_from($sock);
                    next READER if !defined $data;

                    if ($peer) {

                        # run the hook on incoming data
                        my $callback = Net::Proxy->get_callback( $sock );
                        $callback->( \$data, $conn )
                            if $callback && defined $data;

                        Net::Proxy->add_to_buffer( $peer, $data );
                        Net::Proxy->watch_writer_sockets($peer);

                        ## Net::Proxy->debug( "Will write " . length( Net::Proxy->get_buffer($peer)). " bytes to " .  Net::Proxy->get_nick( $peer ));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        # then write
        for my $sock (@{$ready[1]}) {
            my $conn = Net::Proxy->get_connector($sock);
            $conn->write_to($sock);
        }

    }
    continue {
        if( %CLOSING ) {
            Net::Proxy->close_sockets( values %CLOSING );
        }
        if( $max_connections ) {

            # stop after that many connections
            last if Net::Proxy->stat_total_closed() == $max_connections;

            # prevent new connections
            if ( %LISTENER
                && Net::Proxy->stat_total_opened() == $max_connections )
            {
                Net::Proxy->close_sockets( values %LISTENER );
            }
        }
    }

    # close all remaining sockets
    Net::Proxy->close_sockets( $READERS->handles(), $WRITERS->handles() );
}

#
# helper private FUNCTIONS
#
sub _is_listener { return exists $LISTENER{ refaddr $_[0] }; }

1;

__END__

=head1 NAME

Net::Proxy - Framework for proxying network connections in many ways

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    use Net::Proxy;

    # proxy connections from localhost:6789 to remotehost:9876
    # using standard TCP connections
    my $proxy = Net::Proxy->new(
        {   in  => { type => tcp, port => '6789' },
            out => { type => tcp, host => 'remotehost', port => '9876' },
        }
    );

    # register the proxy object
    $proxy->register();

    # and you can setup multiple proxies

    # and now proxy connections indefinitely
    Net::Proxy->mainloop();

=head1 DESCRIPTION

A C<Net::Proxy> object represents a proxy that accepts connections
and then relays the data transfered between the source and the destination.

The goal of this module is to abstract the different methods used
to connect from the proxy to the destination.

A proxy is a program that transfer data across a network boundary           
between a client and a server. C<Net::Proxy> introduces the concept of         
"connectors" (implemented as C<Net::Proxy::Connector> subclasses),
which abstract the server part (connected to the              
client) and the client part (connected to the server) of the proxy.         
                                                                            
This architecture makes it easy to implement specific techniques to
cross a given network boundary, possibly by using a proxy on one side
of the network fence, and a reverse-proxy on the other side of the fence.

See L<AVAILABLE CONNECTORS> for details about the existing connectors.

=head1 METHODS

If you only intend to use C<Net::Proxy> and not write new
connectors, you only need to know about C<new()>, C<register()>
and C<mainloop()>.

=head2 Class methods

=over 4

=item new( { in => { ... }, { out => { ... } } )

Return a new C<Net::Proxy> object, with two connectors configured
as described in the hashref.

The connector parameters are described in the table below, as well
as in each connector documentation.

=item mainloop( $max_connections )

This method initialises all the registered C<Net::Proxy> objects
and then loops on all the sockets ready for reading, passing
the data through the various C<Net::Proxy::Connector> objets
to handle the specifics of each connection.

If C<$max_connections> is given, the proxy will stop after having fully
processed that many connections. Otherwise, this method does not return.

=item add_listeners( @sockets )

Add the given sockets to the list of listening sockets.

=item watch_reader_sockets( @sockets )

Add the given sockets to the readers watch list.

=item watch_writer_sockets( @sockets )

Add the given sockets to the writers watch list.

=item remove_writer_sockets( @sockets )

Remove the given sockets from the writers watch list.

=item close_sockets( @sockets )

Close the given sockets and cleanup the related internal structures.

=item set_verbosity( $level )

Set the logging level. C<0> means not messages except warnings and errors.

=item notice( $message )

Log $message to STDERR if verbosity level is equal to C<1> or more.

=item info( $message )

Log $message to STDERR if verbosity level is equal to C<2> or more.

=item debug( $message )

Log $message to STDERR if verbosity level is equal to C<3> or more.

(Note: throughout the C<Net::Proxy> source code, calls to C<debug()> are
commented with C<##>.)

=back

Some of the class methods are related to the socket objects that handle
the actual connections.

=over 4

=item get_peer( $socket )

=item set_peer( $socket, $peer )

Get or set the socket peer.

=item get_connector( $socket )

=item set_connector( $socket, $connector )

Get or set the socket connector (a C<Net::Proxy::Connector> object).

=item get_state( $socket )

=item set_state( $socket, $state )

Get or set the socket state. Some C<Net::Proxy::Connector> subclasses
may wish to use this to store some internal information about the
socket or the connection.

=item get_nick( $socket )

=item set_nick( $socket, $nickname )

Get or set the socket nickname. Typically used by C<Net::Proxy::Connector>
to give informative names to socket (used in the log messages).

=item get_buffer( $socket )

=item set_buffer( $socket, $data )

Get or set the content of the writing buffer for the socket.
Used by C<Net::Proxy::Connector> in C<raw_read_from()> and
C<ranw_write_to()>.

=item get_callback( $socket )

=item set_callback( $socket, $coderef )

Get or set the callback currently associated with the socket.

=item add_to_buffer( $socket, $data )

Add data to the writing buffer of the socket.

=back

=head2 Instance methods

=over 4

=item register()

Register a C<Net::Proxy> object so that it will be included in
the C<mainloop()> processing.

=item unregister()

Unregister the C<Net::Proxy> object.

=item in_connector()

Return the C<Net::Proxy::Connector> objet that handles the incoming
connection and handles the data coming from the "client" side.

=item out_connector()

Return the C<Net::Proxy::Connector> objet that creates the outgoing 
connection and handles the data coming from the "server" side.

=back

=head2 Statistical methods

The following methods manage some statistical information
about the individual proxies:

=over 4

=item stat_inc_opened()

=item stat_inc_closed()

Increment the "opened" or "closed" connection counter for this proxy.

=item stat_opened()

=item stat_closed()

Return the count of "opened" or "closed" connections for this proxy.

=item stat_total_opened()

=item stat_total_closed()

Return the total count of "opened" or "closed" connection across
all proxy objects.

=back

=head1 CONNECTORS

All connection types are provided with the help of specialised classes.
The logic for protocol C<xxx> is provided by the C<Net::Proxy::Connector::xxx>
class.

=head2 Connector hooks

There is a single parameter that all connectors accept: C<hook>.
Given a code reference, the code reference will be called when
data is I<received> on the corresponding socket.

The code reference should have the following signature:

    sub callback {
        my ($dataref, $connector) = @_;
        ...
    }

C<$dataref> is a reference to the chunk of data received, and
C<$connector> is the C<Net::Proxy::Connector> object that created the
socket. This allows someone to eventually store data in a stash stored
in the connector, so as to share data between sockets.

=head2 Available connectors

=over 4

=item * tcp (C<Net::Proxy::Connector::tcp>)

This is the simplest possible proxy connector. On the "in" side, it sits waiting
for incoming connections, and on the "out" side, it connects to the
configured host/port.

=item * connect (C<Net::Proxy::Connector::connect>)

This proxy connector can connect to a TCP server though a web proxy that
accepts HTTP CONNECT requests.

=item * dual (C<Net::Proxy::Connector::dual>)

This proxy connector is a Y-shaped connector: depending on the client behaviour
right after the connection is established, it connects it to one
of two services, handled by two distinct connectors.

=item * dummy (C<Net::Proxy::Connector::dummy>)

This proxy connector does nothing. You can use it as a template for writing
new C<Net::Proxy::Connector> classes.

=back

=head2 Summary

This table summarises all the available C<Net::Proxy::Connector>
classes and the parameters their constructors recognise.

C<N/A> means that the given C<Net::Proxy::Connector> cannot be used
in that position (either C<in> or C<out>).

     Connector  | in parameters   | out parameters
    ------------+-----------------+-----------------
     tcp        | host            | host
                | port            | port
    ------------+-----------------+-----------------
     connect    | N/A             | host
                |                 | port
                |                 | proxy_host
                |                 | proxy_port
                |                 | proxy_user
                |                 | proxy_pass
                |                 | proxy_agent
    ------------+-----------------+-----------------
     dual       | host            | N/A
                | port            |
                | timeout         |
                | server_first    |
                | client_first    |
    ------------+-----------------+-----------------
     dummy      | N/A             | N/A
    ------------+-----------------+-----------------
     ssl        | host            | host
                | port            | port
                | start_cleartext | start_cleartext

C<Net::Proxy::Connector::dummy> is used as the C<out> parameter for
a C<Net::Proxy::Connector::dual>, since the later is linked to two
different connector objects.

=head1 AUTHOR

Philippe 'BooK' Bruhat, C<< <book@cpan.org> >>.

=head1 BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests to
C<bug-net-proxy@rt.cpan.org>, or through the web interface at
L<http://rt.cpan.org/>. I will be notified, and then you'll automatically
be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes.

=head1 TODO

Here's my own wishlist:

=over 4

=item *

Write a connector fully compatible with GNU httptunnel
(L<http://www.nocrew.org/software/httptunnel.html>).

This one will probably be named C<Net::Proxy::Connector::httptunnel>.

=item *

Enhance the httptunnel protocol to support multiple connections.

=item *

Implement RFC 3093 - Firewall Enhancement Protocol (FEP), as
C<Net::Proxy::Connector::FEP>. This RFC was published on April 1, 2001.

This is probably impossible with C<Net::Proxy>, since the FEP driver is
a rather low-level driver (at the IP level of the network stack).

=item *

Implement DNS tunnel connectors.

See L<http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/nstx/>,
OzymanDNS, L<http://www.doxpara.com/slides/BH_EU_05-Kaminsky.pdf>.
L<http://thomer.com/howtos/nstx.html> for examples.

=item *

Implement an UDP connector. (Is it feasible?)

=item *

Implement a connector that can be plugged to the STDIN/STDOUT of an
external process, like the C<ProxyCommand> option of OpenSSH.

=item *

Implement C<Net::Proxy::Connector::unix>, for UNIX sockets.

=item *

Implement ICMP tunnel connectors.

See
L<http://www.linuxexposed.com/Articles/Hacking/Case-of-a-wireless-hack.html>,
L<http://sourceforge.net/projects/itun>,
L<http://www.cs.uit.no/~daniels/PingTunnel/>,
L<http://thomer.com/icmptx/> for examples.

Since ICMP implies low-level packet reading and writing, it may not be
possible for C<Net::Proxy> to handle it.

=item *

Look for inspiration in the I<Firewall-Piercing HOWTO>, 
at L<http://fare.tunes.org/files/fwprc/>.

Look also here: L<http://gray-world.net/tools/>

=item *

Implement a C<Net::Proxy::Connector::starttls> connector that can upgrade
upgrade a connection to SSL transparently, even if the client or server
doesn't support STARTTLS.

Martin Werthmöller provided a full implementation of a connector that
can handle IMAP connections and upgrade them to TLS if the client sends
a C<STARTTLS> command. My implementation will split this in two parts
C<Net::Proxy::Connector::ssl> and C<Net::Proxy::Connector::starttls>,
that inherits from the former.

=back

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2006 Philippe 'BooK' Bruhat, All Rights Reserved.
 
=head1 LICENSE

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.

=cut