# # Create Core.pm # - needed since we allow bad pixel handling to be switched off # (note this now only changes the documentation, since we # have PDL::Bad supplying dummy functions -- eg a badvalue() # which always returns 0). # use strict; use Config; use File::Basename qw(&basename &dirname); # check for bad value support use vars qw( $bvalflag $usenan $bvalPerPdl ); require "badsupport.p"; require 'Types.pm'; PDL::Types->import(':All'); # This forces PL files to create target in same directory as PL file. # This is so that make depend always knows where to find PL derivatives. chdir(dirname($0)); my $file; ($file = basename($0)) =~ s/\.PL$//; $file =~ s/\.pl$// if ($Config{'osname'} eq 'VMS' or $Config{'osname'} eq 'OS2'); # "case-forgiving" if ( $bvalflag ) { print "Extracting $file (WITH bad value support)\n"; } else { print "Extracting $file (NO bad value support)\n"; } # make the type dependent stuff my $convertfuncs = join ' ', map {PDL::Types::typefld($_,'convertfunc')} PDL::Types::typesrtkeys(); my $convertalts = join '|', map {PDL::Types::typefld($_,'convertfunc')} PDL::Types::typesrtkeys(); my $typealiases = join "\n", map {"*$_ = \\&PDL::$_;"} map {PDL::Types::typefld($_,'convertfunc')} PDL::Types::typesrtkeys(); my $typearray = join ",\n", map {my ($conv,$val) = (PDL::Types::typefld($_,'convertfunc'), PDL::Types::typefld($_,'numval')); "['$conv',$val]"} PDL::Types::typesrtkeys(); open OUT,">$file" or die "Can't create $file: $!"; chmod 0644, $file; print OUT <<"!WITH!SUBS!"; # This file is automatically created by Core.pm.PL # Do not edit this file -- all changes will be lost # - bad value support = $bvalflag !WITH!SUBS! print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; =head1 NAME PDL::Core - fundamental PDL functionality =head1 DESCRIPTION Methods and functions for type conversions, PDL creation, type conversion, threading etc. =head1 SYNOPSIS use PDL::Core; # Normal routines use PDL::Core ':Internal'; # Hairy routines =head1 FUNCTIONS =cut # Core routines for PDL module package PDL::Core; use PDL::Types; $PDL::Core::FOO_FOO_::VERSION = '1.56'; # Functions exportable in this part of the module @EXPORT = qw( piddle pdl null barf ); # Only stuff always exported! !NO!SUBS! print OUT <<"!WITH!SUBS!"; \@EXPORT_OK = qw( howbig threadids topdl nelem dims null $convertfuncs convert inplace zeroes zeros ones list listindices set at flows thread_define over reshape dog cat barf type diagonal dummy mslice approx flat sclr squeeze ); \%EXPORT_TAGS = ( Func=>[qw/nelem dims null $convertfuncs convert inplace zeroes zeros ones list listindices set at flows thread_define over reshape pdl piddle null dog cat barf type diagonal dummy mslice approx flat sclr /], Internal=>[qw/howbig threadids topdl/] ); !WITH!SUBS! print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; use PDL::Exporter; use DynaLoader; @ISA = qw( PDL::Exporter DynaLoader ); use strict; use vars qw($level @dims $sep $sep2 $match); bootstrap PDL::Core; # Important variables (place in PDL namespace) # (twice to eat "used only once" warning) $PDL::debug = # Debugging info $PDL::debug = 0; $PDL::verbose = # Functions provide chatty information $PDL::verbose = 0; $PDL::use_commas = 0; # Whether to insert commas when printing arrays $PDL::floatformat = "%7g"; # Default print format for long numbers $PDL::doubleformat = "%10.8g"; $PDL::undefval = 0; # Value to use instead of undef when creating # PDLs ################ Exportable functions of the Core ###################### # log10() is now defined in ops.pd *howbig = \&PDL::howbig; *nelem = \&PDL::nelem; *inplace = \&PDL::inplace; *dims = \&PDL::dims; *list = \&PDL::list; *threadids = \&PDL::threadids; *listindices = \&PDL::listindices; *null = \&PDL::null; *set = \&PDL::set; *at = \&PDL::at; *flows = \&PDL::flows; *sclr = \&PDL::sclr; !NO!SUBS! print OUT "$typealiases\n"; print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; *thread_define = \&PDL::thread_define; *convert = \&PDL::convert; *over = \&PDL::over; *dog = \&PDL::dog; *cat = \&PDL::cat; *type = \&PDL::type; *approx = \&PDL::approx; *diagonal = \&PDL::diagonal; *dummy = \&PDL::dummy; *mslice = \&PDL::mslice; *isempty = \&PDL::isempty; *string = \&PDL::string; sub barf; ################################################################## ################################################################## =head2 pdl =for ref piddle constructor - creates new piddle from perl scalars/arrays and piddles =for usage $a = pdl(SCALAR|ARRAY REFERENCE|ARRAY); =for example $a = pdl [1..10]; # 1D array $a = pdl ([1..10]); # 1D array $a = pdl (1,2,3,4); # Ditto $b = pdl [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]; # 2D 3x2 array $b = pdl 42 # 0-dimensional scalar $c = pdl $a; # Make a new copy $a = pdl([1,2,3],[4,5,6]); # 2D $a = pdl([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); # 2D Note the last two are equivalent - a list is automatically converted to a list reference for syntactic convenience. i.e. you can omit the outer C<[]> You can mix and match arrays, array refs, and PDLs in your argument list, and C will sort them out. You get back a PDL whose last (slowest running) dim runs across the top level of the list you hand in, and whose first (fastest running) dim runs across the deepest level that you supply. Throwing a PDL into the mix has the same effect as throwing in a list ref: pdl(pdl(1,2),[3,4]) is the same as pdl([1,2],[3,4]). All of the dimensions in the list are "padded-out" with undefval to meet the widest dim in the list, so (e.g.) $a = pdl([[1,2,3],[2]]) gives you the same answer as $a = pdl([[1,2,3],[2,undef,undef]]); C is a functional synonym for the 'new' constructor, e.g.: $x = new PDL [1..10]; In order to control how undefs are handled in converting from perl lists to PDLs, one can set the variable C<$PDL::undefval>. For example: $foo = [[1,2,undef],[undef,3,4]]; $PDL::undefval = -999; $f = pdl $foo; print $f [ [ 1 2 -999] [-999 3 4] ] C<$PDL::undefval> defaults to zero. =cut sub pdl {PDL->pdl(@_)} sub piddle {PDL->pdl(@_)} =head2 null =for ref Returns a 'null' piddle. =for usage $x = null; C has a special meaning to L. It is used to flag a special kind of empty piddle, which can grow to appropriate dimensions to store a result (as opposed to storing a result in an existing piddle). =for example perldl> sumover sequence(10,10), $ans=null;p $ans [45 145 245 345 445 545 645 745 845 945] =cut sub PDL::null{ my $class = scalar(@_) ? shift : undef; # if this sub called with no # class ( i.e. like 'null()', instead # of '$obj->null' or 'CLASS->null', setup if( defined($class) ){ $class = ref($class) || $class; # get the class name } else{ $class = 'PDL'; # set class to the current package name if null called # with no arguments } return $class->initialize(); } =head2 nullcreate =for ref Returns a 'null' piddle. =for usage $x = PDL->nullcreate($arg) This is an routine used by many of the threading primitives (i.e. L, L, etc.) to generate a null piddle for the function's output that will behave properly for derived (or subclassed) PDL objects. For the above usage: If C<$arg> is a PDL, or a derived PDL, then C<$arg-Enull> is returned. If C<$arg> is a scalar (i.e. a zero-dimensional PDL) then C<$PDL-Enull> is returned. =for example PDL::Derived->nullcreate(10) returns PDL::Derived->null. PDL->nullcreate($pdlderived) returns $pdlderived->null. =cut sub PDL::nullcreate{ my ($type,$arg) = @_; return ref($arg) ? $arg->null : $type->null ; } =head2 nelem =for ref Return the number of elements in a piddle =for usage $n = nelem($piddle); $n = $piddle->nelem; =for example $mean = sum($data)/nelem($data); =head2 dims =for ref Return piddle dimensions as a perl list =for usage @dims = $piddle->dims; @dims = dims($piddle); =for example perldl> p @tmp = dims zeroes 10,3,22 10 3 22 =head2 ndims =for ref Returns the number of dimensions in a piddle. Alias for L. =head2 getndims =for ref Returns the number of dimensions in a piddle =for usage $ndims = $piddle->getndims; =for example perldl> p zeroes(10,3,22)->getndims 3 =head2 dim =for ref Returns the size of the given dimension of a piddle. Alias for L. =head2 getdim =for ref Returns the size of the given dimension. =for usage $dim0 = $piddle->getdim(0); =for example perldl> p zeroes(10,3,22)->getdim(1) 3 Negative indices count from the end of the dims array. Indices beyond the end will return a size of 1. This reflects the idea that any pdl is equivalent to an infinitely dimensional array in which only a finite number of dimensions have a size different from one. For example, in that sense a 3D piddle of shape [3,5,2] is equivalent to a [3,5,2,1,1,1,1,1,....] piddle. Accordingly, print $a->getdim(10000); will print 1 for most practically encountered piddles. =head2 topdl =for ref alternate piddle constructor - ensures arg is a piddle =for usage $a = topdl(SCALAR|ARRAY REFERENCE|ARRAY); The difference between L and C is that the latter will just 'fall through' if the argument is already a piddle. It will return a reference and I a new copy. This is particulary useful if you are writing a function which is doing some fiddling with internals and assumes a piddle argument (e.g. for method calls). Using C will ensure nothing breaks if passed with '2'. Note that C is not exported by default (see example below for usage). =for example use PDL::Core ':Internal'; # use the internal routines of # the Core module $a = topdl 43; # $a is piddle with value '43' $b = topdl $piddle; # fall through $a = topdl (1,2,3,4); # Convert 1D array =head2 PDL::get_datatype =for ref Internal: Return the numeric value identifying the piddle datatype =for usage $x = $piddle->get_datatype; Mainly used for internal routines. NOTE: get_datatype returns 'just a number' not any special type object, unlike L. =head2 howbig =for ref Returns the size of a piddle datatype in bytes. Note that C is not exported by default (see example below for usage). =for usage use PDL::Core ':Internal'; # use the internal routines of # the Core module $size = howbig($piddle->get_datatype); Mainly used for internal routines. NOTE: NOT a method! This is because get_datatype returns 'just a number' not any special object. =for example perldl> p howbig(ushort([1..10])->get_datatype) 2 =head2 get_dataref =for ref Return the internal data for a piddle, as a perl SCALAR ref. Most piddles hold their internal data in a packed perl string, to take advantage of perl's memory management. This gives you direct access to the string, which is handy when you need to manipulate the binary data directly (e.g. for file I/O). If you modify the string, you'll need to call L afterward, to make sure that the piddle points to the new location of the underlying perl variable. You shouldn't mess with the SV unless you've called L or something similar. You definitely don't want to do anything to the SV to truncate or deallocate the string, unless you correspondingly call L to make the PDL match its new data dimension. You definitely don't want to use get_dataref unless you know what you are doing (or are trying to find out): you can end up scrozzling memory if you shrink or eliminate the string representation of the variable. Here be dragons. =head2 upd_data =for ref Update the data pointer in a piddle to match its perl SV. This is useful if you've been monkeying with the packed string representation of the PDL, which you probably shouldn't be doing anyway. (see L.) =cut sub topdl {PDL->topdl(@_)} ####################### Overloaded operators ####################### { package PDL; # use UNIVERSAL 'isa'; # need that later in info function use Carp; use overload ( "+" => \&PDL::plus, # in1, in2 "*" => \&PDL::mult, # in1, in2 "-" => \&PDL::minus, # in1, in2, swap if true "/" => \&PDL::divide, # in1, in2, swap if true "+=" => sub { PDL::plus ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "*=" => sub { PDL::mult ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "-=" => sub { PDL::minus ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "/=" => sub { PDL::divide ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true ">" => \&PDL::gt, # in1, in2, swap if true "<" => \&PDL::lt, # in1, in2, swap if true "<=" => \&PDL::le, # in1, in2, swap if true ">=" => \&PDL::ge, # in1, in2, swap if true "==" => \&PDL::eq, # in1, in2 "eq" => \&PDL::eq, # in1, in2 "!=" => \&PDL::ne, # in1, in2 "<<" => \&PDL::shiftleft, # in1, in2, swap if true ">>" => \&PDL::shiftright, # in1, in2, swap if true "|" => \&PDL::or2, # in1, in2 "&" => \&PDL::and2, # in1, in2 "^" => \&PDL::xor, # in1, in2 "<<=" => sub { PDL::shiftleft ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true ">>=" => sub { PDL::shiftright($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "|=" => sub { PDL::or2 ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "&=" => sub { PDL::and2 ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "^=" => sub { PDL::xor ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "**=" => sub { PDL::power ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "%=" => sub { PDL::modulo ($_[0], $_[1], $_[0], 0); $_[0]; }, # in1, in2, out, swap if true "sqrt" => sub { PDL::sqrt ($_[0]); }, "abs" => sub { PDL::abs ($_[0]); }, "sin" => sub { PDL::sin ($_[0]); }, "cos" => sub { PDL::cos ($_[0]); }, "!" => sub { PDL::not ($_[0]); }, "~" => sub { PDL::bitnot ($_[0]); }, "log" => sub { PDL::log ($_[0]); }, "exp" => sub { PDL::exp ($_[0]); }, "**" => \&PDL::power, # in1, in2, swap if true "atan2" => \&PDL::atan2, # in1, in2, swap if true "%" => \&PDL::modulo, # in1, in2, swap if true "<=>" => \&PDL::spaceship, # in1, in2, swap if true "=" => sub {$_[0]}, # Don't deep copy, just copy reference ".=" => sub {my @args = reverse &PDL::Core::rswap; # This strange undocumented behavior commented out by CED 18-Mar-2003; # remove it if you see it in current code after 18-Mar-2004! # return $args[1]->info("%C (%A): %T %D %S %M") # if !ref $args[0] && $args[0] eq ''; PDL::Ops::assgn(@args); return $args[1];}, 'x' => sub{my $foo = $_[0]->null(); PDL::Primitive::matmult(@_[0,1],$foo); $foo;}, 'bool' => sub { return 0 if $_[0]->isnull; croak("multielement piddle in conditional expression") unless $_[0]->nelem == 1; $_[0]->clump(-1)->at(0); }, "\"\"" => \&PDL::Core::string ); } sub rswap { if($_[2]) { return @_[1,0]; } else { return @_[0,1]; } } ##################### Data type/conversion stuff ######################## # XXX Optimize! sub PDL::dims { # Return dimensions as @list my $pdl = PDL->topdl (shift); my @dims = (); for(0..$pdl->getndims()-1) {push @dims,($pdl->getdim($_))} return @dims; } sub PDL::howbig { my $t = shift; if("PDL::Type" eq ref $t) {$t = $t->[0]} PDL::howbig_c($t); } =head2 PDL::threadids =for ref Returns the piddle thread IDs as a perl list Note that C is not exported by default (see example below for usage). =for usage use PDL::Core ':Internal'; # use the internal routines of # the Core module @ids = threadids $piddle; =cut sub PDL::threadids { # Return dimensions as @list my $pdl = PDL->topdl (shift); my @dims = (); for(0..$pdl->getnthreadids()) {push @dims,($pdl->getthreadid($_))} return @dims; } ################# Creation/copying functions ####################### sub PDL::pdl { my $x = shift; return $x->new(@_) } =head2 doflow =for ref Turn on/off dataflow =for usage $x->doflow; doflow($x); =cut sub PDL::doflow { my $this = shift; $this->set_dataflow_f(1); $this->set_dataflow_b(1); } =head2 flows =for ref Whether or not a piddle is indulging in dataflow =for usage something if $x->flows; $hmm = flows($x); =cut sub PDL::flows { my $this = shift; return ($this->fflows || $this->bflows); } =head2 PDL::new =for ref new piddle constructor method =for usage $x = PDL->new(SCALAR|ARRAY|ARRAY REF); =for example $x = PDL->new(42); $y = new PDL [1..10]; Constructs piddle from perl numbers and lists. =cut sub PDL::new { # print "in PDL::new\n"; my $this = shift; return $this->copy if ref($this); my $type = ref($_[0]) eq 'PDL::Type' ? ${shift @_}[0] : $PDL_D; my $value = (@_ >1 ? [@_] : shift); # ref thyself unless(defined $value) { if($PDL::debug && $PDL::undefval) { print STDERR "Warning: PDL::new converted undef to $PDL::undefval ($PDL::undefval)\n"; } $value = $PDL::undefval+0 } return pdl_avref($value,$this,$type) if ref($value) eq "ARRAY"; my $new = $this->initialize(); $new->set_datatype($type); if (ref(\$value) eq "SCALAR") { $new->setdims([]); ${$new->get_dataref} = pack( $pack[$new->get_datatype], $value ); $new->upd_data(); } elsif (blessed($value)) { # Object $new = $value->copy; } else { barf("Can not interpret argument $value of type ".ref($value) ); } return $new; } =head2 copy =for ref Make a physical copy of a piddle =for usage $new = $old->copy; Since C<$new = $old> just makes a new reference, the C method is provided to allow real independent copies to be made. =cut # Inheritable copy method # # XXX Must be fixed # Inplace is handled by the op currently. sub PDL::copy { my $value = shift; barf("Argument is an ".ref($value)." not an object") unless blessed($value); my $option = shift; $option = "" if !defined $option; if ($value->is_inplace) { # Copy protection $value->set_inplace(0); return $value; } # threadI(-1,[]) is just an identity vafftrans with threadId copying ;) my $new = $value->threadI(-1,[])->sever; return $new; } =head2 PDL::hdr_copy =for ref Return an explicit copy of the header of a PDL. hdr_copy is just a wrapper for the internal routine _hdr_copy, which takes the hash ref itself. That is the routine which is used to make copies of the header during normal operations if the hdrcpy() flag of a PDL is set. General-purpose deep copies are expensive in perl, so some simple optimization happens: If the header is a tied array or a blessed hash ref with an associated method called C, then that ->copy method is called. Otherwise, all elements of the hash are explicitly copied. References are recursively deep copied. This routine seems to leak memory. =cut sub PDL::hdr_copy { my $pdl = shift; my $hdr = $pdl->gethdr; return PDL::_hdr_copy($hdr); } # Same as hdr_copy but takes a hash ref instead of a PDL. sub PDL::_hdr_copy { my $hdr = shift; my $tobj; print "called _hdr_copy\n" if($PDL::debug); unless( (ref $hdr)=~m/HASH/ ) { print"returning undef\n" if($PDL::debug); return undef ; } if($tobj = tied %$hdr) { # print "tied..."if($PDL::debug); if(UNIVERSAL::can($tobj,"copy")) { my %rhdr; tie(%rhdr, ref $tobj, $tobj->copy); print "returning\n" if($PDL::debug); return \%rhdr; } # Astro::FITS::Header is special for now -- no copy method yet # but it is recognized. Once it gets a copy method this will become # vestigial: if(UNIVERSAL::isa($tobj,"Astro::FITS::Header")) { print "Astro::FITS::Header..." if($PDL::debug); my @cards = $tobj->cards; my %rhdr; tie(%rhdr,"Astro::FITS::Header", new Astro::FITS::Header(Cards=>\@cards)); print "returning\n" if($PDL::debug); return \%rhdr; } } elsif(UNIVERSAL::can($hdr,"copy")) { print "found a copy method\n" if($PDL::debug); return $hdr->copy; } # We got here if it's an unrecognized tie or if it's a vanilla hash. print "Making a hash copy..." if($PDL::debug); return PDL::_deep_hdr_copy($hdr); } # # Sleazy deep-copier that gets most cases # --CED 14-April-2003 # sub PDL::_deep_hdr_copy { my $val = shift; if(ref $val eq 'HASH') { my (%a,$key); for $key(keys %$val) { my $value = $val->{$key}; $a{$key} = (ref $value) ? PDL::_deep_hdr_copy($value) : $value; } return \%a; } if(ref $val eq 'ARRAY') { my (@a,$z); for $z(@$val) { push(@a,(ref $z) ? PDL::_deep_hdr_copy($z) : $z); } return \@a; } if(ref $val eq 'SCALAR') { my $a = $$val; return \$a; } if(ref $val eq 'REF') { my $a = PDL::_deep_hdr_copy($$val); return \$a; } # Special case for PDLs avoids potential nasty header recursion... if(UNIVERSAL::isa($val,'PDL')) { my $h; $val->hdrcpy(0) if($h = $val->hdrcpy); # assignment my $out = $val->copy; $val->hdrcpy($h) if($h); return $out; } if(UNIVERSAL::can($val,'copy')) { return $val->copy; } $val; } =head2 PDL::unwind =for ref Return a piddle which is the same as the argument except that all threadids have been removed. =for usage $y = $x->unwind; =head2 PDL::make_physical =for ref Make sure the data portion of a piddle can be accessed from XS code. =for example $a->make_physical; $a->call_my_xs_method; Ensures that a piddle gets its own allocated copy of data. This obviously implies that there are certain piddles which do not have their own data. These are so called I piddles that make use of the I optimisation (see L). They do not have their own copy of data but instead store only access information to some (or all) of another piddle's data. Note: this function should not be used unless absolutely neccessary since otherwise memory requirements might be severly increased. Instead of writing your own XS code with the need to call C you might want to consider using the PDL preprocessor (see L) which can be used to transparently access virtual piddles without the need to physicalise them (though there are exceptions). =cut sub PDL::unwind { my $value = shift; my $foo = $value->null(); $foo .= $value->unthread(); return $foo; } =head2 dummy =for ref Insert a 'dummy dimension' of given length (defaults to 1) No relation to the 'Dungeon Dimensions' in Discworld! Negative positions specify relative to last dimension, i.e. C appends one dimension at end, C inserts a dummy dimension in front of the last dim, etc. If you specify a dimension position larger than the existing dimension list of your PDL, the PDL gets automagically padded with extra dummy dimensions so that you get the dim you asked for, in the slot you asked for. This could cause you trouble if, for example, you ask for $a->dummy(5000,1) because $a will get 5,000 dimensions, each of rank 1. Because padding at the beginning of the dimension list moves existing dimensions from slot to slot, it's considered unsafe, so automagic padding doesn't work for large negative indices -- only for large positive indices. =for usage $y = $x->dummy($position[,$dimsize]); =for example perldl> p sequence(3)->dummy(0,3) [ [0 0 0] [1 1 1] [2 2 2] ] perldl> p sequence(3)->dummy(3,2) [ [ [0 1 2] ] [ [0 1 2] ] ] perldl> p sequence(3)->dummy(-3,2) For safety, < -(dims+1) is not allowed in dummy, allowed min=-2. =cut sub PDL::dummy($$;$) { my ($pdl,$dim,$size) = @_; $dim = $pdl->getndims+1+$dim if $dim < 0; $size = 1 unless defined($size); barf("For safety, < -(dims+1) forbidden in dummy. min=" . -($pdl->getndims+1).", pos=". ($dim-1-$pdl->getndims) ) if($dim<0); my($s) = ',' x ( ($dim > $pdl->getndims) ? ($pdl->getndims) : ($dim) ); $s .= '*,' x ( $dim-$pdl->getndims-1 ); $s .= "*$size"; $pdl->slice($s); } ## Cheesy, slow way # while ($dim>$pdl->getndims){ # print STDERR "."; flush STDERR; # $pdl = $pdl->dummy($pdl->getndims,1); # } # # barf ("too high/low dimension in call to dummy, allowed min/max=0/" # . $_[0]->getndims) # if $dim>$pdl->getndims || $dim < 0; # # $_[2] = 1 if ($#_ < 2); # $pdl->slice((','x$dim)."*$_[2]"); =head2 clump =for ref "clumps" several dimensions into one large dimension If called with one argument C<$n> clumps the first C<$n> dimensions into one. For example, if C<$a> has dimensions C<(5,3,4)> then after =for example $b = $a->clump(2); # Clump 2 first dimensions the variable C<$b> will have dimensions C<(15,4)> and the element C<$b-Eat(7,3)> refers to the element C<$a-Eat(1,2,3)>. Use C to flatten a piddle. The method L is provided as a convenient alias. Clumping with a negative dimension in general leaves that many dimensions behind -- e.g. clump(-2) clumps all of the first few dimensions into a single one, leaving a 2-D piddle. If C is called with an index list with more than one element it is treated as a list of dimensions that should be clumped together into one. The resulting clumped dim is placed at the position of the lowest index in the list. This convention ensures that C does the expected thing in the usual cases. The following example demonstrates typical usage: $a = sequence 2,3,3,3,5; # 5D piddle $c = $a->clump(1..3); # clump all the dims 1 to 3 into one print $c->info; # resulting 3D piddle has clumped dim at pos 1 PDL: Double D [2,27,5] =cut sub PDL::clump { my $ndims = $_[0]->getndims; if ($#_ < 2) { return &PDL::_clump_int($_[0],$_[1]) # Truncate clumping to actual dims if $_[1] > $ndims; return &PDL::_clump_int(@_); } else { my ($this,@dims) = @_; my $targd = $ndims-1; my @dimmark = (0..$ndims-1); barf "too many dimensions" if @dims > $ndims; for my $dim (@dims) { barf "dimension index $dim larger than greatest dimension" if $dim > $ndims-1 ; $targd = $dim if $targd > $dim; barf "duplicate dimension $dim" if $dimmark[$dim]++ > $dim; } my $clumped = $this->thread(@dims)->unthread(0)->clump(scalar @dims); $clumped = $clumped->mv(0,$targd) if $targd > 0; return $clumped; } } =head2 thread_define =for ref define functions that support threading at the perl level =for example thread_define 'tline(a(n);b(n))', over { line $_[0], $_[1]; # make line compliant with threading }; C provides some support for threading (see L) at the perl level. It allows you to do things for which you normally would have resorted to PDL::PP (see L); however, it is most useful to wrap existing perl functions so that the new routine supports PDL threading. C is used to define new I functions. Its first argument is a symbolic repesentation of the new function to be defined. The string is composed of the name of the new function followed by its signature (see L and L) in parentheses. The second argument is a subroutine that will be called with the slices of the actual runtime arguments as specified by its signature. Correct dimension sizes and minimal number of dimensions for all arguments will be checked (assuming the rules of PDL threading, see L). The actual work is done by the C class which parses the signature string, does runtime dimension checks and the routine C that generates the loop over all appropriate slices of pdl arguments and creates pdls as needed. Similar to C and its C option it is possible to define the new function so that it accepts normal perl args as well as piddles. You do this by using the C parameter in the signature. The number of C specified will be passed unaltered into the subroutine given as the second argument of C. Let's illustrate this with an example: PDL::thread_define 'triangles(inda();indb();indc()), NOtherPars => 2', PDL::over { ${$_[3]} .= $_[4].join(',',map {$_->at} @_[0..2]).",-1,\n"; }; This defines a function C that takes 3 piddles as input plus 2 arguments which are passed into the routine unaltered. This routine is used to collect lists of indices into a perl scalar that is passed by reference. Each line is preceded by a prefix passed as C<$_[4]>. Here is typical usage: $txt = ''; triangles(pdl(1,2,3),pdl(1),pdl(0),\$txt," "x10); print $txt; resulting in the following output 1,1,0,-1, 2,1,0,-1, 3,1,0,-1, which is used in L to generate VRML output. Currently, this is probably not much more than a POP (proof of principle) but is hoped to be useful enough for some real life work. Check L for the format of the signature. Currently, the C<[t]> qualifier and all type qualifiers are ignored. =cut sub PDL::over (&) { $_[0] } sub PDL::thread_define ($$) { require PDL::PP::Signature; my ($str,$sub) = @_; my $others = 0; if ($str =~ s/[,]*\s*NOtherPars\s*=>\s*([0-9]+)\s*[,]*//) {$others = $1} barf "invalid string $str" unless $str =~ /\s*([^(]+)\((.+)\)\s*$/x; my ($name,$sigstr) = ($1,$2); print "defining '$name' with signature '$sigstr' and $others extra args\n" if $PDL::debug; my $sig = new PDL::PP::Signature($sigstr); my $args = @{$sig->names}; # number of piddle arguments barf "no piddle args" if $args == 0; $args--; # TODO: $sig->dimcheck(@_) + proper creating generation my $def = "\@_[0..$args] = map {PDL::Core::topdl(\$_)} \@_[0..$args];\n". '$sig->checkdims(@_); PDL::threadover($others,@_,$sig->realdims,$sig->creating,$sub)'; my $package = caller; local $^W = 0; # supress the 'not shared' warnings print "defining...\nsub $name { $def }\n" if $PDL::debug; eval ("package $package; sub $name { $def }"); barf "error defining $name: $@\n" if $@; } =head2 PDL::thread =for ref Use explicit threading over specified dimensions (see also L) =for usage $b = $a->thread($dim,[$dim1,...]) =for example $a = zeroes 3,4,5; $b = $a->thread(2,0); Same as L, i.e. uses thread id 1. =cut sub PDL::thread { my $var = shift; $var->threadI(1,\@_); } =head2 diagonal =for ref Returns the multidimensional diagonal over the specified dimensions. =for usage $d = $x->diagonal(dim1, dim2,...) =for example perldl> $a = zeroes(3,3,3); perldl> ($b = $a->diagonal(0,1))++; perldl> p $a [ [ [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] ] [ [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] ] [ [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] ] ] =cut sub PDL::diagonal { my $var = shift; $var->diagonalI(\@_); } =head2 PDL::thread1 =for ref Explicit threading over specified dims using thread id 1. =for usage $xx = $x->thread1(3,1) =for example Wibble Convenience function interfacing to L. =cut sub PDL::thread1 { my $var = shift; $var->threadI(1,\@_); } =head2 PDL::thread2 =for ref Explicit threading over specified dims using thread id 2. =for usage $xx = $x->thread2(3,1) =for example Wibble Convenience function interfacing to L. =cut sub PDL::thread2 { my $var = shift; $var->threadI(2,\@_); } =head2 PDL::thread3 =for ref Explicit threading over specified dims using thread id 3. =for usage $xx = $x->thread3(3,1) =for example Wibble Convenience function interfacing to L. =cut sub PDL::thread3 { my $var = shift; $var->threadI(3,\@_); } my %info = ( D => { Name => 'Dimension', Sub => \&PDL::Core::dimstr, }, T => { Name => 'Type', Sub => sub { return $_[0]->type->shortctype; }, }, S => { Name => 'State', Sub => sub { my $state = ''; $state .= 'P' if $_[0]->allocated; $state .= 'V' if $_[0]->vaffine && !$_[0]->allocated; # apparently can be both? $state .= '-' if $state eq ''; # lazy eval $state .= 'C' if $_[0]->anychgd; $state .= 'B' if $_[0]->badflag; $state; }, }, F => { Name => 'Flow', Sub => sub { my $flows = ''; $flows = ($_[0]->bflows ? 'b':'') . '~' . ($_[0]->fflows ? 'f':'') if ($_[0]->flows); $flows; }, }, M => { Name => 'Mem', Sub => sub { my ($size,$unit) = ($_[0]->allocated ? $_[0]->nelem* PDL::howbig($_[0]->get_datatype)/1024 : 0, 'Kb'); if ($size > 0.01*1024) { $size /= 1024; $unit = 'Mb' }; return sprintf "%6.2f%s",$size,$unit; }, }, C => { Name => 'Class', Sub => sub { ref $_[0] } }, A => { Name => 'Address', Sub => sub { sprintf "%d", $_[0]->address } }, ); my $allowed = join '',keys %info; # print the dimension information about a pdl in some appropriate form sub dimstr { my $this = shift; my @dims = $this->dims; my @ids = $this->threadids; my ($nids,$i) = ($#ids - 1,0); my $dstr = 'D ['. join(',',@dims[0..($ids[0]-1)]) .']'; if ($nids > 0) { for $i (1..$nids) { $dstr .= " T$i [". join(',',@dims[$ids[$i]..$ids[$i+1]-1]) .']'; } } return $dstr; } =head2 sever =for ref sever any links of this piddle to parent piddles In PDL it is possible for a piddle to be just another view into another piddle's data. In that case we call this piddle a I and the original piddle owning the data its parent. In other languages these alternate views sometimes run by names such as I or I. Typical functions that return such piddles are C, C, C, etc. Sometimes, however, you would like to separate the I from its parent's data and just give it a life of its own (so that manipulation of its data doesn't change the parent). This is simply achieved by using C. For example, =for example $a = $pdl->index(pdl(0,3,7))->sever; $a++; # important: $pdl is not modified! In many (but not all) circumstances it acts therefore similar to L. However, in general performance is better with C and secondly, C doesn't lead to futile copying when used on piddles that already have their own data. On the other hand, if you really want to make sure to work on a copy of a piddle use L. $a = zeroes(20); $a->sever; # NOOP since $a is already its own boss! Again note: C I the same as L! For example, $a = zeroes(1); # $a does not have a parent, i.e. it is not a slice etc $b = $a->sever; # $b is now pointing to the same piddle as $a $b++; print $a; [1] but $a = zeroes(1); $b = $a->copy; # $b is now pointing to a new piddle $b++; print $a; [0] =head2 PDL::info =for ref Return formatted information about a piddle. =for usage $x->info($format_string); =for example print $x->info("Type: %T Dim: %-15D State: %S"); Returns a string with info about a piddle. Takes an optional argument to specify the format of information a la sprintf. Format specifiers are in the form C<%EwidthEEletterE> where the width is optional and the letter is one of =over 7 =item T Type =item D Formatted Dimensions =item F Dataflow status =item S !NO!SUBS! if ( $bvalflag ) { print OUT "Some internal flags (P=physical,V=Vaffine,C=changed,B=may\ncontain bad data)\n"; } else { print OUT "Some internal flags (P=physical,V=Vaffine,C=changed)\n"; } print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; =item C Class of this piddle, i.e. C =item A Address of the piddle struct as a unique identifier =item M Calculated memory consumption of this piddle's data area =back =cut sub PDL::info { my ($this,$str) = @_; $str = "%C: %T %D" unless defined $str; return ref($this)."->null" if PDL::Core::dimstr($this) =~ /D \[0\]/; my @hash = split /(%[-,0-9]*[.]?[0-9]*\w)/, $str; my @args = (); my $nstr = ''; for my $form (@hash) { if ($form =~ s/^%([-,0-9]*[.]?[0-9]*)(\w)$/%$1s/) { barf "unknown format specifier $2" unless defined $info{$2}; push @args, &{$info{$2}->{Sub}}($this); } $nstr .= $form; } return sprintf $nstr, @args; } =head2 approx =for ref test for approximately equal values (relaxed C<==>) =for example # ok if all corresponding values in # piddles are within 1e-8 of each other print "ok\n" if all approx $a, $b, 1e-8; C is a relaxed form of the C<==> operator and often more appropriate for floating point types (C and C). Usage: =for usage $res = approx $a, $b [, $eps] The optional parameter C<$eps> is remembered across invocations and initially set to 1e-6, e.g. approx $a, $b; # last $eps used (1e-6 initially) approx $a, $b, 1e-10; # 1e-10 approx $a, $b; # also 1e-10 =cut my $approx = 1e-6; # a reasonable init value sub PDL::approx { my ($a,$b,$eps) = @_; $eps = $approx unless defined $eps; # the default eps $approx = $eps; # remember last eps return ($a-$b)->abs < $eps; } =head2 mslice =for ref Convenience interface to L, allowing easier inclusion of dimensions in perl code. =for usage $a = $x->mslice(...); =for example # below is the same as $x->slice("5:7,:,3:4:2") $a = $x->mslice([5,7],X,[3,4,2]); =cut # called for colon-less args # preserves parens if present sub intpars { $_[0] =~ /\(.*\)/ ? '('.int($_[0]).')' : int $_[0] } sub PDL::mslice { my($pdl) = shift; return $pdl->slice(join ',',(map { !ref $_ && $_ eq "X" ? ":" : ref $_ eq "ARRAY" ? $#$_ > 1 && @$_[2] == 0 ? "(".int(@$_[0]).")" : join ':', map {int $_} @$_ : !ref $_ ? intpars $_ : die "INVALID SLICE DEF $_" } @_)); } =head2 nslice =for ref Internally used interface to L and L that is the runtime part of the L implementation. =for usage $a = $x->nslice(...); =for example # below is the same as $x->slice("5:7,:,3:4:2") $a = $x->nslice([5,7],X,[3,4,2]); It implements a superset of L's features. Should probably not be used in your scripts. Rather resort to the L interface. =cut #' get quotes right for emacs sub _intpar ($) { ref $_[0] ? UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'PDL') ? $_[0]->nelem == 1 ? $_[0]->flat->at(0) : die "multielement piddle where only one allowed" : die "non piddle ref '".ref $_[0]."'" : ($_[0] =~ s/^\*// ? "*".((int $_[0])||1) : int $_[0]); } sub PDL::nslice { my($pdl) = shift; my $h = $pdl->hdrcpy() ? PDL::_hdr_copy($pdl->hdr) : undef; my @args = @_; my ($i,$noslice) = (0,0); for (@args) { if (UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'PDL')) { if ($_->nelem > 1) { if ($_->getndims > 1) { # allow one multi-D arg which will imply flat addressing PDL::Core::barf 'piddle must be <= 1D' if @args > 1; $pdl = $pdl->flat->index($_); $noslice = 1; } else { # dice this axis $pdl = $pdl->dice_axis($i,$_); # and keep resulting dim fully in slice $_ = 'X'; } } elsif ($_->nelem > 0) # only if piddle is not empty { $_ = $_->flat->at(0) } # reduce this one-element piddle # to a scalar for 'slice' else { return $_->copy } # $_ is empty, return empty copy } $i++; } unless ($noslice) { # print STDERR 'processed arglist: ',join(',',@args); my $slstr = join ',',(map { !ref $_ && $_ eq "X" ? ":" : ref $_ eq "ARRAY" ? $#$_ > 1 && _intpar @$_[2] == 0 ? "("._intpar(@$_[0]).")" : join ':', map {_intpar $_} @$_ : _intpar $_ } @args); # print STDERR "slicestr: $slstr\n"; $pdl = $pdl->slice($slstr); } $pdl->sethdr($h) if $h; return $pdl; } # Utility to determine if argument is blessed object sub blessed { my $ref = ref(shift); return $ref =~ /^(REF|SCALAR|ARRAY|HASH|CODE|GLOB||)$/ ? 0 : 1; } # Convert numbers to PDL if not already sub PDL::topdl { return $_[1] if blessed($_[1]); # Fall through return $_[0]->new($_[1]) if ref(\$_[1]) eq 'SCALAR' or ref($_[1]) eq 'ARRAY'; barf("Can not convert a ".ref($_[1])." to a ".$_[0]); 0;} # Convert everything to PDL if not blessed sub alltopdl { return $_[1] if blessed($_[1]); # Fall through return $_[0]->new($_[1]); 0;} =head2 inplace =for ref Flag a piddle so that the next operation is done 'in place' =for usage somefunc($x->inplace); somefunc(inplace $x); In most cases one likes to use the syntax C<$y = f($x)>, however in many case the operation C can be done correctly 'in place', i.e. without making a new copy of the data for output. To make it easy to use this, we write C in such a way that it operates in-place, and use C to hint that a new copy should be disabled. This also makes for clear syntax. Obviously this will not work for all functions, and if in doubt see the function's documentation. However one can assume this is true for all elemental functions (i.e. those which just operate array element by array element like C). =for example perldl> $x = xvals zeroes 10; perldl> log10(inplace $x) perldl> p $x [ -Inf 0 0.30103 0.47712125 0.60205999 0.69897 0.77815125 0.84509804 0.90308999 0.95424251] =cut # Flag pdl for in-place operations sub PDL::inplace { my $pdl = PDL->topdl(shift); $pdl->set_inplace(1); return $pdl; } # Copy if not inplace =head2 is_inplace =for ref Test the in-place flag on a piddle =for usage $out = ($in->is_inplace) ? $in : zeroes($in); $in->set_inplace(0) Provides access to the L hint flag, within the perl millieu. That way functions you write can be inplace aware... If given an argument the inplace flag will be set or unset depending on the value at the same time. Can be used for shortcut tests that delete the inplace flag while testing: $out = ($in->is_inplace(0)) ? $in : zeroes($in); # test & unset! =head2 set_inplace =for ref Set the in-place flag on a piddle =for usage $out = ($in->is_inplace) ? $in : zeroes($in); $in->set_inplace(0); Provides access to the L hint flag, within the perl millieu. Useful mainly for turning it OFF, as L turns it ON more conveniently. =head2 new_or_inplace =for usage $a = new_or_inplace(shift()); $a = new_or_inplace(shift(),$preferred_type); =for ref Return back either the argument pdl or a copy of it depending on whether it be flagged in-place or no. Handy for building inplace-aware functions. =cut sub new_or_inplace { my $pdl = shift; if($pdl->is_inplace) { $pdl->set_inplace(0); $pdl; } else { $pdl->copy(); } } *PDL::new_or_inplace = \&new_or_inplace; # Allow specifications like zeroes(10,10) or zeroes($x) # or zeroes(inplace $x) or zeroes(float,4,3) =head2 PDL::new_from_specification =for ref Internal method: create piddle by specification This is the argument processing method called by L and some other functions which constructs piddles from argument lists of the form: [type], $nx, $ny, $nz,... For C<$nx>, C<$ny>, etc. 0 and 1D piddles are allowed. Giving those has the same effect as if saying C<$arg-Elist>, e.g. 1, pdl(5,2), 4 is equivalent to 1, 5, 2, 4 Note, however, that in all functions using C calling C will probably not do what you want. So to play safe use (e.g. with zeroes) $pdl = zeroes $dimpdl->list; Calling $pdl = zeroes $dimpdl; will rather be equivalent to $pdl = zeroes $dimpdl->dims; However, $pdl = zeroes ushort, $dimpdl; will again do what you intended since it is interpreted as if you had said $pdl = zeroes ushort, $dimpdl->list; This is unfortunate and confusing but no good solution seems obvious that would not break existing scripts. =cut sub PDL::new_from_specification{ my $class = shift; my $type = ref($_[0]) eq 'PDL::Type' ? ${shift @_}[0] : $PDL_D; my $nelems = 1; my @dims; for (@_) { if (ref $_) { barf "Trying to use non-piddle as dimensions?" unless $_->isa('PDL'); barf "Trying to use multi-dim piddle as dimensions?" if $_->getndims > 1; warn "creating > 10 dim piddle (piddle arg)!" if $_->nelem > 10; for my $dim ($_->list) {$nelems *= $dim; push @dims, $dim} } else { barf "Dimensions must be positive" if $_<=0; $nelems *= $_; push @dims, $_ } } my $pdl = $class->initialize(); $pdl->set_datatype($type); $pdl->setdims([@dims]); print "Dims: ",(join ',',@dims)," DLen: ",(length $ {$pdl->get_dataref}),"\n" if $PDL::debug; return $pdl; } # is there such a beast? # L # =head2 isempty =for ref Test whether a piddle is empty =for usage print "The piddle has zero dimension\n" if $pdl->isempty; This function returns 1 if the piddle has zero elements. This is useful in particular when using the indexing function which. In the case of no match to a specified criterion, the returned piddle has zero dimension. perldl> $a=sequence(10) perldl> $i=which($a < -1) perldl> print "I found no matches!\n" if ($a->isempty); Note that having zero elements is rather different from the concept of being a null piddle, see the L and L manpages for discussions of this. =cut sub PDL::isempty { my $pdl=shift; return ($pdl->nelem == 0); } =head2 zeroes =for ref construct a zero filled piddle from dimension list or template piddle. Various forms of usage, (i) by specification or (ii) by template piddle: =for usage # usage type (i): $a = zeroes([type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...); $a = PDL->zeroes([type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...); $a = $pdl->zeroes([type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...); # usage type (ii): $a = zeroes $b; $a = $b->zeroes zeroes inplace $a; # Equivalent to $a .= 0; $a->inplace->zeroes; # "" =for example perldl> $z = zeroes 4,3 perldl> p $z [ [0 0 0 0] [0 0 0 0] [0 0 0 0] ] perldl> $z = zeroes ushort, 3,2 # Create ushort array [ushort() etc. with no arg returns a PDL::Types token] See also L for details on using piddles in the dimensions list. =cut sub zeroes { ref($_[0]) && ref($_[0]) ne 'PDL::Type' ? PDL::zeroes($_[0]) : PDL->zeroes(@_) } sub PDL::zeroes { my $class = shift; my $pdl = scalar(@_)? $class->new_from_specification(@_) : $class->new_or_inplace; $pdl.=0; return $pdl; } # Create convenience aliases for zeroes =head2 zeros =for ref construct a zero filled piddle (see zeroes for usage) =cut *zeros = \&zeroes; *PDL::zeros = \&PDL::zeroes; =head2 ones =for ref construct a one filled piddle =for usage $a = ones([type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...); etc. (see 'zeroes') =for example see zeroes() and add one See also L for details on using piddles in the dimensions list. =cut sub ones { ref($_[0]) && ref($_[0]) ne 'PDL::Type' ? PDL::ones($_[0]) : PDL->ones(@_) } sub PDL::ones { my $class = shift; my $pdl = scalar(@_)? $class->new_from_specification(@_) : $class->new_or_inplace; $pdl.=1; return $pdl; } =head2 reshape =for ref Change the shape (i.e. dimensions) of a piddle, preserving contents. =for usage $x->reshape(NEWDIMS); reshape($x, NEWDIMS); The data elements are preserved, obviously they will wrap differently and get truncated if the new array is shorter. If the new array is longer it will be zero-padded. ***Potential incompatibility with earlier versions of PDL**** If the list of C is empty C will just drop all dimensions of size 1 (preserving the number of elements): $a = sequence(3,4,5); $b = $a(1,3); $b->reshape(); print $b->info; PDL: Double D [5] Dimensions of size 1 will also be dropped if C is invoked with the argument -1: $b = $a->reshape(-1); As opposed to C without arguments, C preserves dataflow: $a = ones(2,1,2); $b = $a(0)->reshape(-1); $b++; print $a; [ [ [2 1] ] [ [2 1] ] ] Note: an explicit copy of slices is generally forced - this is the only way (for now) of stopping a crash if C<$x> is a slice. Important: Physical piddles are changed inplace! =for example perldl> $x = sequence(10) perldl> reshape $x,3,4; p $x [ [0 1 2] [3 4 5] [6 7 8] [9 0 0] ] perldl> reshape $x,5; p $x [0 1 2 3 4] =cut *reshape = \&PDL::reshape; sub PDL::reshape{ if (@_ == 2 && $_[1] == -1) { # a slicing reshape that drops 1-dims return $_[0]->slice(join(',',map {$_ == 1 ? '(0)' : ''} $_[0]->dims)); } my $pdl = pdl($_[0]); my $nelem = $pdl->nelem; my @dims = @_[1..$#_]; for my $dim(@dims) { barf "reshape: invalid dim size '$dim'" if $dim < 0 } @dims = grep($_ != 1, $pdl->dims) if @dims == 0; # get rid of dims of size 1 $pdl->setdims([@dims]); $pdl->upd_data; if ($pdl->nelem > $nelem) { my $tmp=$pdl->clump(-1)->slice("$nelem:-1"); $tmp .= 0; } $_[0] = $pdl; return $pdl; } =head2 squeeze =for ref eliminate all singleton dimensions (dims of size 1) =for example $b = $a(0,0)->squeeze; Alias for C. Removes all singleton dimensions and preserves dataflow. A more concise interface is provided by L via modifiers: use PDL::NiceSlice; $b = $a(0,0;-); # same as $a(0,0)->squeeze =cut *squeeze = \&PDL::squeeze; sub PDL::squeeze { return $_[0]->reshape(-1) } =head2 flat =for ref flatten a piddle (alias for C<$pdl->clump(-1)>) =for example $srt = $pdl->flat->qsort; Useful method to make a 1D piddle from an arbitrarily sized input piddle. Data flows back and forth as usual with slicing routines. Falls through if argument already E= 1D. =cut *flat = \&PDL::flat; sub PDL::flat { # fall through if < 2D return $_[0]->getndims != 1 ? $_[0]->clump(-1) : $_[0]; } =head2 convert =for ref Generic datatype conversion function =for usage $y = convert($x, $newtype); =for example $y = convert $x, long $y = convert $x, ushort C<$newtype> is a type number, for convenience they are returned by C etc when called without arguments. =cut # type to type conversion functions (with automatic conversion to pdl vars) sub PDL::convert { # we don't allow inplace conversion at the moment # (not sure what needs to be changed) barf 'Usage: $y = convert($x, $newtype)'."\n" if $#_!=1; my ($pdl,$type)= @_; $pdl = pdl($pdl) unless ref $pdl; # Allow normal numbers $type = $type->enum if ref($type) eq 'PDL::Type'; return $pdl if $pdl->get_datatype == $type; # make_physical-call: temporary stopgap to work around core bug my $conv = $pdl->flowconvert($type)->make_physical->sever; return $conv; } =head2 Datatype_conversions =for ref !NO!SUBS! print OUT "$convertalts convert shorthands\n"; print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; =for usage $y = double $x; $y = ushort [1..10]; # all of byte|short|ushort|long|float|double behave similarly When called with a piddle argument, they convert to the specific datatype. When called with a numeric or list / listref argument they construct a new piddle. This is a convenience to avoid having to be long-winded and say C<$x = long(pdl(42))> Thus one can say: $a = float(1,2,3,4); # 1D $a = float([1,2,3],[4,5,6]); # 2D $a = float([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); # 2D Note the last two are equivalent - a list is automatically converted to a list reference for syntactic convenience. i.e. you can omit the outer C<[]> When called with no arguments return a special type token. This allows syntactical sugar like: $x = ones byte, 1000,1000; This example creates a large piddle directly as byte datatype in order to save memory. In order to control how undefs are handled in converting from perl lists to PDLs, one can set the variable C<$PDL::undefval>; see the function L for more details. =for example perldl> p $x=sqrt float [1..10] [1 1.41421 1.73205 2 2.23607 2.44949 2.64575 2.82843 3 3.16228] perldl> p byte $x [1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3] =cut !NO!SUBS! # generate type conversion docs for my $type (typesrtkeys()) { my $conv = typefld($type,'convertfunc'); print OUT << "!WITH!SUBS!"; =head2 $conv =for ref Convert to $conv datatype - see 'Datatype_conversions' =cut !WITH!SUBS! } # end for loop print OUT "for ( $typearray"; print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; ) { eval ('sub PDL::'.$_->[0]." { ". 'return bless ['.$_->[1].'], "PDL::Type" unless @_; convert(alltopdl(\'PDL\', (scalar(@_)>1 ? [@_] : shift)),'.$_->[1].') }'); } =head2 type =for ref return the type of a piddle as a blessed type object A convenience function for use with the piddle constructors, e.g. =for example $b = PDL->zeroes($a->type,$a->dims,3); die "must be float" unless $a->type == float; See also the discussion of the C class in L. Note that the C objects have overloaded comparison and stringify operators so that you can compare and print types: $a = $a->float if $a->type < float; $t = $a->type; print "Type is $t\"; =cut sub PDL::type { return PDL::Type->new($_[0]->get_datatype); } ##################### Printing #################### # New string routine $PDL::_STRINGIZING = 0; sub PDL::string { my($self,$format)=@_; if($PDL::_STRINGIZING) { return "ALREADY_STRINGIZING_NO_LOOPS"; } local $PDL::_STRINGIZING = 1; my $ndims = $self->getndims; if($self->nelem > 10000) { return "TOO LONG TO PRINT"; } if ($ndims==0) { if ( $self->badflag() and $self->isbad() ) { return "BAD"; } else { my @x = $self->at(); return ($format ? sprintf($format, $x[0]) : "$x[0]"); } } return "Null" if $self->isnull; return "Empty" if $self->isempty; # Empty piddle local $sep = $PDL::use_commas ? "," : " "; local $sep2 = $PDL::use_commas ? "," : ""; if ($ndims==1) { return str1D($self,$format); } else{ return strND($self,$format,0); } } ############## Section/subsection functions ################### =head2 list =for ref Convert piddle to perl list =for usage @tmp = list $x; Obviously this is grossly inefficient for the large datasets PDL is designed to handle. This was provided as a get out while PDL matured. It should now be mostly superseded by superior constructs, such as PP/threading. However it is still occasionally useful and is provied for backwards compatibility. =for example for (list $x) { # Do something on each value... } !NO!SUBS! if ( $bvalflag ) { print OUT<<'!NO!SUBS!'; =for bad list converts any bad values into the string 'BAD'. !NO!SUBS! } print OUT<<'!NO!SUBS!'; =cut # No threading, just the ordinary dims. sub PDL::list{ # pdl -> @list barf 'Usage: list($pdl)' if $#_!=0; my $pdl = PDL->topdl(shift); return () if nelem($pdl)==0; @{listref_c($pdl)}; } =head2 listindices =for ref Convert piddle indices to perl list =for usage @tmp = listindices $x; C<@tmp> now contains the values C<0..nelem($x)>. Obviously this is grossly inefficient for the large datasets PDL is designed to handle. This was provided as a get out while PDL matured. It should now be mostly superseded by superior constructs, such as PP/threading. However it is still occasionally useful and is provied for backwards compatibility. =for example for $i (listindices $x) { # Do something on each value... } =cut sub PDL::listindices{ # Return list of index values for 1D pdl barf 'Usage: list($pdl)' if $#_!=0; my $pdl = shift; return () if nelem($pdl)==0; barf 'Not 1D' if scalar(dims($pdl)) != 1; return (0..nelem($pdl)-1); } =head2 set =for ref Set a single value inside a piddle =for usage set $piddle, @position, $value C<@position> is a coordinate list, of size equal to the number of dimensions in the piddle. Occasionally useful, mainly provided for backwards compatibility as superseded by use of L and assigment operator C<.=>. =for example perldl> $x = sequence 3,4 perldl> set $x, 2,1,99 perldl> p $x [ [ 0 1 2] [ 3 4 99] [ 6 7 8] [ 9 10 11] ] =cut sub PDL::set{ # Sets a particular single value barf 'Usage: set($pdl, $x, $y,.., $value)' if $#_<2; my $self = shift; my $value = pop @_; set_c ($self, [@_], $value); return $self; } =head2 at =for ref Returns a single value inside a piddle as perl scalar. =for usage $z = at($piddle, @position); $z=$piddle->at(@position); C<@position> is a coordinate list, of size equal to the number of dimensions in the piddle. Occasionally useful in a general context, quite useful too inside PDL internals. =for example perldl> $x = sequence 3,4 perldl> p $x->at(1,2) 7 !NO!SUBS! if ( $bvalflag ) { print OUT<<'!NO!SUBS!'; =for bad at converts any bad values into the string 'BAD'. !NO!SUBS! } print OUT<<'!NO!SUBS!'; =cut sub PDL::at { # Return value at ($x,$y,$z...) barf 'Usage: at($pdl, $x, $y, ...)' if $#_<0; my $self = shift; at_bad_c ($self, [@_]); } =head2 sclr =for ref return a single value from a piddle as a scalar =for example $val = $a(10)->sclr; $val = sclr inner($a,$b); The C method is useful to turn a piddle into a normal Perl scalar. Its main advantage over using C for this purpose is the fact that you do not need to worry if the piddle is 0D, 1D or higher dimensional. Using C you have to supply the correct number of zeroes, e.g. $a = sequence(10); $b = $a->slice('4'); print $b->sclr; # no problem print $b->at(); # error: needs at least one zero C is generally used when a Perl scalar is required instead of a one-element piddle. If the input is a multielement piddle the first value is returned as a Perl scalar. You can optionally switch on checks to ensure that the input piddle has only one element: PDL->sclr({Check => 'warn'}); # carp if called with multi-el pdls PDL->sclr({Check => 'barf'}); # croak if called with multi-el pdls are the commands to switch on warnings or raise an error if a multielement piddle is passed as input. Note that these options can only be set when C is called as a class method (see example above). Use PDL->sclr({Check=>0}); to switch these checks off again (default setting); When called as a class method the resulting check mode is returned (0: no checking, 1: warn, 2: barf). =cut my $chkmode = 0; # default mode no checks use Carp; use PDL::Options; sub PDL::sclr { my $this = shift; if (ref $this) { # instance method carp "multielement piddle in 'sclr' call" if ($chkmode == 1 && $this->nelem > 1); croak "multielement piddle in 'sclr' call" if ($chkmode == 2 && $this->nelem > 1); return sclr_c($this); } else { # class method my $check = (iparse({Check=>0},ifhref($_[0])))[1]; if (lc($check) eq 'warn') {$chkmode = 1} elsif (lc($check) eq 'barf') {$chkmode = 2} else {$chkmode = $check != 0 ? 1 : 0} return $chkmode; } } =head2 cat =for ref concatenate piddles to N+1 dimensional piddle Takes a list of N piddles of same shape as argument, returns a single piddle of dimension N+1 =for example perldl> $x = cat ones(3,3),zeroes(3,3),rvals(3,3); p $x [ [ [1 1 1] [1 1 1] [1 1 1] ] [ [0 0 0] [0 0 0] [0 0 0] ] [ [1 1 1] [1 0 1] [1 1 1] ] ] !NO!SUBS! if ( $bvalflag ) { print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; =for bad The output piddle is set bad if any input piddles have their bad flag set. !NO!SUBS! } # if: $bvalflag print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; =cut sub PDL::cat { my $res = $_[0]->initialize; $res->set_datatype($_[0]->get_datatype); $res->setdims([$_[0]->dims,scalar(@_)]); my ($i,$t); my $s = ":,"x$_[0]->getndims; for (@_) { $t = $res->slice($s."(".$i++.")"); $t .= $_} # propogate any bad flags for (@_) { if ( $_->badflag() ) { $res->badflag(1); last; } } return $res; } =head2 dog =for ref Opposite of 'cat' :). Split N dim piddle to list of N-1 dim piddles Takes a single N-dimensional piddle and splits it into a list of N-1 dimensional piddles. The breakup is done along the last dimension. Note the dataflown connection is still preserved by default, e.g.: =for example perldl> $p = ones 3,3,3 perldl> ($a,$b,$c) = dog $p perldl> $b++; p $p [ [ [1 1 1] [1 1 1] [1 1 1] ] [ [2 2 2] [2 2 2] [2 2 2] ] [ [1 1 1] [1 1 1] [1 1 1] ] ] =for options Break => 1 Break dataflow connection (new copy) !NO!SUBS! if ( $bvalflag ) { print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; =for bad The output piddles are set bad if the original piddle has its bad flag set. !NO!SUBS! } # if: $bvalflag print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!'; =cut sub PDL::dog { my $opt = pop @_ if ref($_[-1]) eq 'HASH'; my $p = shift; my @res; my $s = ":,"x($p->getndims-1); for my $i (0..$p->getdim($p->getndims-1)-1) { $res[$i] = $p->slice($s."(".$i.")"); $res[$i] = $res[$i]->copy if $$opt{Break}; $i++; } return @res; } # New error handling routine =head2 barf =for ref Standard error reporting routine for PDL. C is the routine PDL modules should call to report errors. This is because C will report the error as coming from the correct line in the module user's script rather than in the PDL module. It does this magic by unwinding the stack frames until it reaches a package NOT beginning with C<"PDL::">. If you DO want it to report errors in some module PDL::Foo (e.g. when debugging PDL::Foo) then set the variable C<$PDL::Foo::Debugging=1>. Additionally if you set the variable C<$PDL::Debugging=1> you will get a COMPLETE stack trace back up to the top level package. Finally C will try and report usage information from the PDL documentation database if the error message is of the form 'Usage: func'. Remember C is your friend. *Use* it! =for example At the perl level: barf("User has too low an IQ!"); In C or XS code: barf("You have made %d errors", count); Note: this is one of the few functions ALWAYS exported by PDL::Core =cut sub barf { die barf_msg(@_) }; use Carp; #sub barf { croak barf_msg(@_) }; # This sub is called by Perl barf() and pdl_barf in pdlcore.c sub barf_msg { my ($err) = @_; my $i = 0; my($pack,$file,$line); my $msg=""; $msg .= "PDL: $err\nStack trace:\n" if $PDL::Debugging; while(1) { # Unwind the stack ($pack,$file,$line) = caller($i); last unless $pack; $msg .= " Level $i: file $file, line $line, pkg $pack\n" if $PDL::Debugging; last if !$PDL::Debugging and ($pack !~ /^PDL::|^PDL$/ or eval '$'.$pack."::Debugging"); $i++; } if ($err =~ /^Usage:\s+(PDL.*::)_(\w+)_int/ or $err =~ /^Usage:\s+(PDL.*::)?\s*(\w+)/) { local $match = $2; eval << "EOD"; \$msg .= "PDL: incorrect usage of function '$match()'\nFile $file, line $line, pkg $pack\n" if \$pack; \$msg .= "Usage information from PDL docs database:\n"; use PDL::Doc::Perldl; \$msg .= PDL::Doc::Perldl::usage_string ('$match'); EOD } else{ $msg .= "PDL: $err\nCaught at file $file, line $line, pkg $pack\n" if $pack; } $msg .= "\n" if substr($msg,-1,1) ne "\n"; return $msg; } ###################### Misc internal routines #################### # Recursively pack an N-D array ref in format [[1,1,2],[2,2,3],[2,2,2]] etc # package vars $level and @dims must be initialised first. sub rpack { my ($ptype,$a) = @_; my ($ret,$type); $ret = ""; if (ref($a) eq "ARRAY") { if (defined($dims[$level])) { barf 'Array is not rectangular' unless $dims[$level] == scalar(@$a); }else{ $dims[$level] = scalar(@$a); } $type = ref($$a[0]); if ($type) { $level++; for(@$a) { barf 'Array is not rectangular' unless $type eq ref($_); # Equal types $ret .= rpack($ptype,$_); } $level--; } else { # These are leaf nodes $ret = pack $ptype, map {defined($_) ? $_ : $PDL::undefval} @$a; } } elsif (ref($a) eq "PDL") { barf 'Cannot make a new piddle from two or more piddles, try "cat"'; } else { barf "Don't know how to make a PDL object from passed argument"; } return $ret; } sub rcopyitem { # Return a deep copy of an item - recursively my $x = shift; my ($y, $key, $value); if (ref(\$x) eq "SCALAR") { return $x; }elsif (ref($x) eq "SCALAR") { $y = $$x; return \$y; }elsif (ref($x) eq "ARRAY") { $y = []; for (@$x) { push @$y, rcopyitem($_); } return $y; }elsif (ref($x) eq "HASH") { $y={}; while (($key,$value) = each %$x) { $$y{$key} = rcopyitem($value); } return $y; }elsif (blessed($x)) { return $x->copy; }else{ barf ('Deep copy of object failed - unknown component with type '.ref($x)); } 0;} # N-D array stringifier sub strND { my($self,$format,$level)=@_; # $self->make_physical(); my @dims = $self->dims; # print "STRND, $#dims\n"; if ($#dims==1) { # Return 2D string return str2D($self,$format,$level); } else { # Return list of (N-1)D strings my $secbas = join '',map {":,"} @dims[0..$#dims-1]; my $ret="\n"." "x$level ."["; my $j; for ($j=0; $j<$dims[$#dims]; $j++) { my $sec = $secbas . "($j)"; # print "SLICE: $sec\n"; $ret .= strND($self->slice($sec),$format, $level+1); chop $ret; $ret .= $sep2; } chop $ret if $PDL::use_commas; $ret .= "\n" ." "x$level ."]\n"; return $ret; } } # String 1D array in nice format sub str1D { my($self,$format)=@_; barf "Not 1D" if $self->getndims()!=1; my $x = listref_c($self); my ($ret,$dformat,$t); $ret = "["; my $dtype = $self->get_datatype(); $dformat = $PDL::floatformat if $dtype == $PDL_F; $dformat = $PDL::doubleformat if $dtype == $PDL_D; my $badflag = $self->badflag(); for $t (@$x) { if ( $badflag and $t eq "BAD" ) { # do nothing } elsif ($format) { $t = sprintf $format,$t; } else{ # Default if ($dformat && length($t)>7) { # Try smaller $t = sprintf $dformat,$t; } } $ret .= $t.$sep; } chop $ret; $ret.="]"; return $ret; } # String 2D array in nice uniform format sub str2D{ my($self,$format,$level)=@_; # print "STR2D:\n"; $self->printdims(); my @dims = $self->dims(); barf "Not 2D" if scalar(@dims)!=2; my $x = listref_c($self); my ($i, $f, $t, $len, $ret); my $dtype = $self->get_datatype(); my $badflag = $self->badflag(); my $findmax = 1; if (!defined $format || $format eq "") { # Format not given? - find max length of default $len=0; if ( $badflag ) { for (@$x) { if ( $_ eq "BAD" ) { $i = 3; } else { $i = length($_); } $len = $i>$len ? $i : $len; } } else { for (@$x) {$i = length($_); $len = $i>$len ? $i : $len }; } $format = "%".$len."s"; if ($len>7) { # Too long? - perhaps try smaller format if ($dtype == $PDL_F) { $format = $PDL::floatformat; } elsif ($dtype == $PDL_D) { $format = $PDL::doubleformat; } else { # Stick with default $findmax = 0; } } else { # Default ok $findmax = 0; } } if($findmax) { # Find max length of strings in final format $len=0; if ( $badflag ) { for (@$x) { if ( $_ eq "BAD" ) { $i = 3; } else { $i = length(sprintf $format,$_); } $len = $i>$len ? $i : $len; } } else { for (@$x) { $i = length(sprintf $format,$_); $len = $i>$len ? $i : $len; } } } # if: $findmax $ret = "\n" . " "x$level . "[\n"; { my $level = $level+1; $ret .= " "x$level ."["; for ($i=0; $i<=$#$x; $i++) { if ( $badflag and $$x[$i] eq "BAD" ) { $f = "BAD"; } else { $f = sprintf $format,$$x[$i]; } $t = $len-length($f); $f = " "x$t .$f if $t>0; $ret .= $f; if (($i+1)%$dims[0]) { $ret.=$sep; } else{ # End of output line $ret.="]"; if ($i==$#$x) { # very last number $ret.="\n"; } else{ $ret.= $sep2."\n" . " "x$level ."["; } } } } $ret .= " "x$level."]\n"; return $ret; } # # Sleazy hcpy saves me time typing # sub PDL::hcpy { $_[0]->hdrcpy($_[1]); $_[0]; } ########## Docs for functions in Core.xs ################## # Pod docs for functions that are imported from Core.xs and are # not documented elsewhere. Currently this is not a complete # list. There are others. =head2 gethdr =for ref Retrieve header information from a piddle =for example $pdl=rfits('file.fits'); $h=$pdl->gethdr; print "Number of pixels in the X-direction=$$h{NAXIS1}\n"; The C function retrieves whatever header information is contained within a piddle. The header can be set with L and is always a hash reference or undef. C returns undef if the piddle has not yet had a header defined; compare with C and C, which are guaranteed to return a defined value. Note that gethdr() works by B: you can modify the header in-place once it has been retrieved: $a = rfits($filename); $ah = $a->gethdr(); $ah->{FILENAME} = $filename; It is also important to realise that in most cases the header is not automatically copied when you copy the piddle. See L to enable automatic header copying. Here's another example: a wrapper around rcols that allows your piddle to remember the file it was read from and the columns could be easily written (here assuming that no regexp is needed, extensions are left as an exercise for the reader) sub ext_rcols { my ($file, @columns)=@_; my $header={}; $$header{File}=$file; $$header{Columns}=\@columns; @piddles=rcols $file, @columns; foreach (@piddles) { $_->sethdr($header); } return @piddles; } =head2 hdr =for ref Retrieve or set header information from a piddle =for example $pdl->hdr->{CDELT1} = 1; The C function allows convenient access to the header of a piddle. Unlike C it is guaranteed to return a defined value, so you can use it in a hash dereference as in the example. If the header does not yet exist, it gets autogenerated as an empty hash. Note that this is usually -- but not always -- What You Want. If you want to use a tied L hash, for example, you should either construct it yourself and use C to put it into the piddle, or use L instead. (Note that you should be able to write out the FITS file successfully regardless of whether your PDL has a tied FITS header object or a vanilla hash). =head2 fhdr =for ref Retrieve or set FITS header information from a piddle =for example $pdl->fhdr->{CDELT1} = 1; The C function allows convenient access to the header of a piddle. Unlike C it is guaranteed to return a defined value, so you can use it in a hash dereference as in the example. If the header does not yet exist, it gets autogenerated as a tied L hash. Astro::FITS::Header tied hashes are better at matching the behavior of FITS headers than are regular hashes. In particular, the hash keys are CAsE INsEnSItiVE, unlike normal hash keys. See L for details. If you do not have Astro::FITS::Header installed, you get back a normal hash instead of a tied object. =head2 sethdr =for ref Set header information of a piddle =for example $pdl = zeroes(100,100); $h = {NAXIS=>2, NAXIS1=>100, NAXIS=>100, COMMENT=>"Sample FITS-style header"}; # add a FILENAME field to the header $$h{FILENAME} = 'file.fits'; $pdl->sethdr( $h ); The C function sets the header information for a piddle. You must feed in a hash ref or undef, and the header field of the PDL is set to be a new ref to the same hash (or undefined). The hash ref requirement is a speed bump put in place since the normal use of headers is to store fits header information and the like. Of course, if you want you can hang whatever ugly old data structure you want off of the header, but that makes life more complex. Remember that the hash is not copied -- the header is made into a ref that points to the same underlying data. To get a real copy without making any assumptions about the underlying data structure, you can use one of the following: use PDL::IO::Dumper; $pdl->sethdr( deep_copy($h) ); (which is slow but general), or $pdl->sethdr( PDL::_hdr_copy($h) ) (which uses the built-in sleazy deep copier), or (if you know that all the elements happen to be scalars): { my %a = %$h; $pdl->sethdr(\%a); } which is considerably faster but just copies the top level. The C function must be given a hash reference or undef. For further information on the header, see L, L, L and L. =head2 hdrcpy =for ref switch on/off/examine automatic header copying =for example print "hdrs will be copied" if $a->hdrcpy; $a->hdrcpy(1); # switch on automatic header copying $b = $a->sumover; # and $b will inherit $a's hdr $a->hdrcpy(0); # and now make $a non-infectious again C without an argument just returns the current setting of the flag. See also "hcpy" which returns its PDL argument (and so is useful in method-call pipelines). Normally, the optional header of a piddle is not copied automatically in pdl operations. Switching on the hdrcpy flag using the C method will enable automatic hdr copying. Note that an actual deep copy gets made, which is rather processor-inefficient -- so avoid using header copying in tight loops! Most PDLs have the C flag cleared by default; however, some routines (notably L) set it by default where that makes more sense. The C flag is viral: if you set it for a PDL, then derived PDLs will get copies of the header and will also have their C flags set. For example: $a = xvals(50,50); $a->hdrcpy(1); $a->hdr->{FOO} = "bar"; $b = $a++; $c = $b++; print $b->hdr->{FOO}, " - ", $c->hdr->{FOO}, "\n"; $b->hdr->{FOO} = "baz"; print $a->hdr->{FOO}, " - ", $b->hdr->{FOO}, " - ", $c->hdr->{FOO}, "\n"; will print: bar - bar bar - baz - bar =head2 hcpy =for ref Switch on/off automatic header copying, with PDL pass-through =for example $a = rfits('foo.fits')->hcpy(0); $a = rfits('foo.fits')->hcpy(1); C sets or clears the hdrcpy flag of a PDL, and returns the PDL itself. That makes it convenient for inline use in expressions. =head1 AUTHOR Copyright (C) Karl Glazebrook (kgb@aaoepp.aao.gov.au), Tuomas J. Lukka, (lukka@husc.harvard.edu) and Christian Soeller (c.soeller@auckland.ac.nz) 1997. Modified, Craig DeForest (deforest@boulder.swri.edu) 2002. All rights reserved. There is no warranty. You are allowed to redistribute this software / documentation under certain conditions. For details, see the file COPYING in the PDL distribution. If this file is separated from the PDL distribution, the copyright notice should be included in the file. =cut # # Easier to implement in perl than in XS... # -- CED # sub PDL::fhdr { my $pdl = shift; return $pdl->hdr if( (defined $pdl->gethdr) || !defined $Astro::FITS::Header::VERSION ); # Avoid bug in 1.15 and earlier Astro::FITS::Header my @hdr = ("SIMPLE = T"); my $hdr = new Astro::FITS::Header(Cards=>\@hdr); tie my %hdr, "Astro::FITS::Header", $hdr; $pdl->sethdr(\%hdr); return \%hdr; } 1;# Exit with OK status !NO!SUBS!