# Copyright (c) 2004, 2005, 2006 Denis Petrov # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or # modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. # # Text::Templet Template Processor # # Text::Templet Home: http://www.denispetrov.com/magic/ use 5.006; use strict; use warnings; package Text::Templet; use Carp; BEGIN { use Exporter (); our ($VERSION, @ISA, @EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK, %EXPORT_TAGS); ($VERSION) = '$Revision: 3.0 $' =~ /\$Revision: (\S+)/; @ISA = qw(Exporter); @EXPORT = qw( &Templet ); %EXPORT_TAGS = ( ); @EXPORT_OK = qw( &Use ); } our @_tpl_parsed; our @_tpl_compiled; our $_isect; our %_labels; # label section numbers ### output buffer our $_outt; our $_outf; our $_use_package1; our $_use_package; sub Use($) { $_use_package1 = $_[0]; eval("use $_use_package1;") if $_use_package1; } sub Templet { my ($_caller_package,undef,undef) = caller; ### Make Templet re-entrant by saving values of package variables local(@_tpl_parsed,@_tpl_compiled,$_isect,%_labels,$_outt); $_outt = ''; ### Return processed template in non-void context, otherwise print it my $_use_outt = defined(wantarray); $_outf = $_use_outt ? sub { $_outt .= join( "", @_ ) } : sub { print @_ }; local $_use_package = $_[1] || $_use_package1 || $_caller_package; @_tpl_parsed = ("<%_%>$_[0]<%END%>") =~ /(<%.+?(?=%>)%>)(.*?)(?=<%|$)/gs; # compile template for my $section ( @_tpl_parsed ) { if ( $section =~ /<%(\*?[a-zA-z_][a-zA-z0-9_]*)%>/ ) { # label regexp if ( exists($_labels{$1}) ) { croak "Duplicate label '$1'"; } else { if ( substr($1,0,1) eq '*' ) { # jump code replacing asterisk label push @_tpl_compiled,[0,eval("sub{'".substr($1,1)."'}")]; } $_labels{$1} = @_tpl_compiled; # count, pointing to the section following label } } elsif ( $section =~ /<%(.+)%>/s ) { # code section # eval returns a reference to an anonymous subroutine with the section code push @_tpl_compiled,[0,eval("package $_use_package;sub{$1}")]; if ($@) { chomp $@; croak "Error '$@' in template code section '$1'" } } elsif ( $section ne '' ) { # text section # eval returns a reference to an anonymous subroutine that returns interpolated text push @_tpl_compiled,[1,eval("package $_use_package;sub{\"$section\"}")]; if ($@) { chomp $@; croak "Error '$@' in template text section '$section'" } } } # dummy text section at the end push @_tpl_compiled,[1,eval("package $_use_package;sub{\"\"}")]; # render template $_isect = 0; while ( $_isect < @_tpl_compiled ) { my $_section = $_tpl_compiled[$_isect]; my $_output = $_section->[1](); # call the section code if ( $_section->[0] == 0 ) { # code if ( exists $_labels{$_output} ) { $_isect = $_labels{$_output}; } else { $_isect++; } } else { # text $_use_outt ? $_outt .= $_output : print $_output; $_isect++; } } return $_outt; } 1; =pod =head1 NAME Text::Templet - general purpose text template processor =head1 SYNOPSIS B use Text::Templet; use vars qw( $dataref $counter ); $dataref = ["Money For Nothing","Communique","Sultans Of Swing"]; Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% $counter = -1 %> <%SONG_LIST%> <% $counter++; return "SONG_LIST_END" if $counter >= scalar(@$dataref); '' %>
$counter: $dataref->[$counter]
<%"SONG_LIST"%><%SONG_LIST_END%> EOT ); B use Text::Templet; use vars qw( $dataref $counter ); $dataref = ["Money For Nothing","Communique","Sultans Of Swing"]; Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% $counter = -1 %> <%SONG_LIST%><% $counter++; return "*SONG_LIST" if $counter >= scalar(@$dataref); '' %>
$counter: $dataref->[$counter]
<%*SONG_LIST%> EOT ); B use Text::Templet; use vars qw($super_user); $super_user = 1; Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% "SKIP_CP" unless $super_user %> Admin Options: Control Panel <%SKIP_CP%> EOT ); B use Text::Templet; use vars qw($super_user); $super_user = 1; Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% "*SKIP_CP" unless $super_user %> Admin Options: Control Panel <%*SKIP_CP%> No Admin options available. <%SKIP_CP%> EOT ); B use Text::Templet; use vars qw($super_user); $select = 1; $select = 0 if ( int($select) < 0 or int($select) > 2 ); Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% "*SEL".int($select) %> <%*SEL0%> Select is 0 <%SEL0%> <%*SEL1%> Select is 1 <%SEL1%> <%*SEL2%> Select is 2 <%SEL2%> EOT ); B use Text::Templet; sub hello_world() { print "Hello, World!"; } Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% hello_world(); '' %> EOT ); B use Text::Templet; sub give_me_label() { return 'L1'; } Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% give_me_label(); %> This text will be omitted. <%L1%> EOT ); B use Text::Templet; use CGI; use vars qw( $title $desc ); $title = "Title here!"; $desc = "Description Here!"; $title = &CGI::escapeHTML($title||''); $desc = &CGI::escapeHTML($desc||''); Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html
EOT ); B use Text::Templet; local *FILE; open( FILE, '>page.html' ) or warn("Unable to open file page.html: $!"), return 1; my $saved_stdout = select(*FILE); Templet(<<'EOT' Hello, World! EOT ); select($saved_stdout); close FILE; B use Text::Templet; my $output = Templet(<<'EOT' Hello, World! EOT ); print $output; B use Text::Templet; use vars qw($title $text); $title = 'Page Title'; $text = 'Page Body'; sub header { Templet('$title'); '' } sub footer { Templet(''); '' } Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% header() %>

$title

$text
<% footer() %> EOT ); B use CGI; use Text::Templet; use vars qw($body_sub $title); $Q = new CGI; if ( $Q->param('p') eq 'page1' ) { $title = 'Page 1'; $body_sub = sub { Templet('Page 1'); } } elseif ( $Q->param('p') eq 'page2' ) { $title = 'Page 2'; $body_sub = sub { Templet('Page 2'); } } else { $title = 'Default Page'; $body_sub = sub { Templet('Default Page'); } } Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html $title

$title

<% &$body_sub(); '' %>
EOT ); B File Module.pm: package Module; use vars qw($title); $title = 'Page Title'; File script.pl: use lib qw(.); use Text::Templet; Templet(<<'EOT' Content-type: text/html <% Text::Templet::Use("Module");'' %> $title

$title

EOT ); =head1 DESCRIPTION =head2 RATIONALE I was motivated to create C when I was looking for a templating system for a project. A bit of research revealed several major shortcomings of most if not all existing modules: they are bloated, slow, complex and often poorly documented. I did not want to learn a whole new programming language and environment just to create a simple web application, and I felt it was unnecessary to drag thousands of lines of Perl modules along. Looking at Template Toolkit or Mason I was thinking there has to be a better way. C employs Perl's C function which allows you to use Perl syntax for all of its functionality, which greatly simplifies and speeds up processing of the template. =head2 DOCUMENTATION C is a Perl module implementing a very efficient and fast template processor that allows you to embed Perl variables and snippets of Perl code directly into HTML, XML or any other text. In the examples above the template text is embedded into the Perl code, but it could just as easily be loaded from a file or a database. C does not impose any particular application framework or CGI library or information model on you. You can pick any of the existing systems or integrate C into your own. When called, C applies a regular expression matching text enclosed within C<< <% %> >> to create a list of sections. These sections are then passed to the eval() function. Sections containing text outside C<< <% %> >> ("Template text sections") are wrapped into double quotes and passed to C for variable expansion. In void context, the value returned by the C is printed to the standard output, otherwise it is appended to the return value stored in C<$_outt>. Sections with text inside C<< <% %> >> are handled in two different ways. If the text contains only alphanumeric characters without spaces, and the first character is an asterisk, a letter or an underscore, C recognizes the section as a "label", which is then added to the internal list of labels. Labels are used to pass template processing point to the section immediately following the label, very similar to the way labels used in many programming languages to move the execution point of a program. If it is not a label, then it is a template code section, which is passed to C for execution as Perl code. The return value of a code section is then used as the name of the label to jump to, allowing you to implement loops, conditionals and any other control statements using Perl code. A warning is produced if the label with that name is not found in the template, and the text that does not represent a valid label name is discarded. When a portion of a template is contained between two labels, named identically except the first one pre-pended with "*" (asterisk), this portion will be skipped in the normal flow of template processing, and can only be reached by returning the name of the label with the asterisk from a code section. This simplifies the syntax of conditionals, switches and other types of constructs. The following two examples are equivalent, one is written using an asterisk label and the other is not: <% "*SKIP" unless $condition %> Text displayed when the condition is true <%*SKIP%> Text displayed when the condition is false <%SKIP%> <% "ELSE" unless $condition %> Text displayed when the condition is true <%"ELSE_END"%><%ELSE%> Text displayed when the condition is false <%ELSE_END%> All package variables that you plan to use in the template must be declared with C - code and variable names embedded into the template are evaluated in the namespace of the calling package, but are contained in the lexical scope of C. This means that lexical variables declared with C, C or C are inaccessible from "inside" the template. The following variable names are used internally by C and will mask variables declared in your program, making their values inaccessible in the template: C<%_labels>, C<@_tpl_parsed>, C<@_tpl_compiled>, C<$_isect>, C<$_outt> =head2 FUNCTIONS C<&Templet()> Exported. Takes one or two arguments: first argument is the template text, second argument is optional and contains the name of the package to use when evaluating section text and code. In void context, prints processing result to the default output, otherwise accumulates it in an internal variable C<$_outt> and returns it to the caller. If a compilation error occurs in a code section of the template, calls die() with the error code, which allows you to put a call to Templet() into an eval block to process compilation errors. You should check the server's error log to find out which section it is. C<&Text::Templet::Use()> Accepts one argument containing the name of the package to use when evaluating template sections. The value will be used when calling code and interpolating text sections to set the context for any code and variables used in the template. This function can be called either prior to C call or from within the template text, in which case the package name will be used from the code section containing the call onwards until the end of the template or the next call to C. To cancel, call C. Package specified in the call to Templet() takes precedence over package specified in C. =head2 NOTES AND TIPS =over =item * Using interpolating quotes around the template text wreaks havoc as variables are interpolated before C has a chance to look at them. This is the purpose of single quotes around EOT at the examples above - to prevent early interpolation. =item * Warning 'Use of uninitialized value in concatenation (.) or string at (eval ...) line x (#x)' indicates that a variable used in the template contains an undefined value, which may happen when you pull the data from a database and some of the fields in the database record being queried contain NULL. This issue can be resolved either on the data level, by ensuring that there are no NULL values stored in the database, or on the script level by replacing undefined values returned from the database with empty strings. The simple form example above deals with this problem by using C<||> operator during the call to C<&CGI::escapeHTML> to assign an empty string to the variable if it evaluates to false. =item * Label names are case sensitive, and there must be no spaces anywhere between C<< <% >> and C<< %> >> for it to be interpreted as a label. All labels in a template must have unique names. =item * C is compatible with mod_perl. However, make sure that each Perl function has a unique name across all scripts on the server running mod_perl. The best way to ensure that is to put each Perl file into its own package. Reusing function names among different files will result in 'function reload' warnings and functions from wrong files being called. =item * Watch the web server's error log closely when debugging your application. C posts a warning when there is something wrong with the template, including the line number of the beginning of the section where the error occurred. =item * Call C<&$_outf()> from within C<< <% %> >> to append something to the output: C<< <% &$_outf("foo") %> >>. This function takes one argument and will either send it to the standard output or append it to C<$_outt> depending on Templet's calling context. =item * To prevent C from trying to use the result of the processing in the template code section as a label name, add an empty string at the end: C<< <% print "foo"; '' %> >>. =item * Be careful not to create infinite loops in the template as C does not check for them. =item * Call Templet() from void context whenever possible to improve performance. When called from void context all output from the template is printed as soon as it is processed without first accumulating it in a buffer, which saves memory and when used in a web application, allows the browser to start rendering the processed page as soon as the web server has accumulated enough data to send to the browser. =back =head1 AUTHOR Denis Petrov For more examples and support, visit Text::Templet Home at http://www.denispetrov.com/magic/ =cut