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<span class="bchead">You are here: </span><a href="../../start.html" title="start">C++ Reference</a> » <a href="../../stl/start.html" title="stl:start">C++ Standard Template Library</a> » <a href="../../stl/deque/start.html" title="stl:deque:start">C++ Double-ended Queues</a> » <a href="../../stl/deque/back.html" title="stl:deque:back">back</a> </div>
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<h2><a name="back" id="back">back</a></h2>
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<p>
Syntax:
</p>
<pre class="c code c++" style="font-family:monospace;"> <span class="co2">#include <deque></span>
TYPE<span class="sy0">&</span> back<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy0">;</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> TYPE<span class="sy0">&</span> back<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span><span class="sy0">;</span></pre>
<p>
The back() function returns a reference to the last element in the deque.
For example:
</p>
<pre class="c code c++" style="font-family:monospace;"> deque<span class="sy0"><</span>int<span class="sy0">></span> dq<span class="sy0">;</span>
<span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> i <span class="sy0">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy0">;</span> i <span class="sy0"><</span> <span class="nu0">5</span><span class="sy0">;</span> i<span class="sy0">++</span> <span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
dq.<span class="me1">push_back</span><span class="br0">(</span>i<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy0">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/cout.html"><span class="kw3">cout</span></a> <span class="sy0"><<</span> <span class="st0">"The first element is "</span> <span class="sy0"><<</span> dq.<span class="me1">front</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="sy0"><<</span> <span class="st0">" and the last element is "</span> <span class="sy0"><<</span> dq.<span class="me1">back</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy0"><<</span> endl<span class="sy0">;</span></pre>
<p>
This code produces the following output:
</p>
<pre class="c code c++" style="font-family:monospace;"> The first element is <span class="nu0">0</span> and the last element is <span class="nu0">4</span></pre>
<p>
The back() function runs in <a href="../../complexity.html" class="wikilink1" title="complexity">constant time</a>.
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Related Topics: <a href="../../stl/deque/front.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:front">front</a>, <a href="../../stl/deque/pop_back.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:pop_back">pop_back</a>
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